MeSH Semantic Type: Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein [T116]

(131)I-Macroaggregated Albumin [M0019694]

1,4-alpha-Glucan Branching Enzyme [M0023173]
In glycogen or amylopectin synthesis, the enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a segment of a 1,4-alpha-glucan chain to a primary hydroxy group in a similar glucan chain. EC 2.4.1.18.

1-Acylglycerol Phosphate Acyltransferase 2 [M0460552]

1-Acylglycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase [M0070640]
An enzyme that catalyzes the acyl group transfer of ACYL COA to 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to generate 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. This enzyme has alpha, beta, gamma, delta and epsilon subunits.

1-Acylglycerophosphocholine O-Acyltransferase [M0012841]
An enzyme localized predominantly within the plasma membrane of lymphocytes. It catalyzes the transfer of long-chain fatty acids, preferentially unsaturated fatty acids, to lysophosphatides with the formation of 1,2-diacylglycero-3-phosphocholine and CoA. EC 2.3.1.23.

1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase [M0118406]
A lipoprotein-associated PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 which modulates the action of PLATELET ACTIVATING FACTOR by hydrolyzing the SN-2 ester bond to yield the biologically inactive lyso-platelet-activating factor. It has specificity for phospholipid substrates with short-chain residues at the SN-2 position, but inactive against long-chain phospholipids. Deficiency in this enzyme is associated with many diseases including ASTHMA, and HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA.

1-Carboxyglutamic Acid [M0023166]
Found in various tissues, particularly in four blood-clotting proteins including prothrombin, in kidney protein, in bone protein, and in the protein present in various ectopic calcifications.

1-Palmitylglycerol 3-Phosphate Acyltransferase [M0070635]

1-Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase [M0029501]
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylinositol to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. This is the first committed step in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate. This pathway is thought to play a critical role in DNA repair, V(D)J recombination and cell cycle checkpoints. EC 2.7.1.137.

1-Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase [M0029506]
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylinositol (PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS) to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, the first committed step in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate.

1-Pyrroline-5-Carboxylate Dehydrogenase [M0092808]
An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-GLUTAMATE in the presence of NAD. Defects in the enzyme are the cause of hyperprolinemia II.

1-Sarcosine-8-Isoleucine Angiotensin II [M0023171]
An ANGIOTENSIN II analog which acts as a highly specific inhibitor of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR.

11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 [M0337947]
A low-affinity 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase found in a variety of tissues, most notably in LIVER; LUNG; ADIPOSE TISSUE; vascular tissue; OVARY; and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The enzyme acts reversibly and can use either NAD or NADP as cofactors.

11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 [M0076299]
An high-affinity, NAD-dependent 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase that acts unidirectionally to catalyze the dehydrogenation of CORTISOL to CORTISONE. It is found predominantly in mineralocorticoid target tissues such as the KIDNEY; COLON; SWEAT GLANDS; and the PLACENTA. Absence of the enzyme leads to a fatal form of childhood hypertension termed, APPARENT MINERALOCORTICOID EXCESS SYNDROME.

11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases [M0076306]
Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases that catalyzes the reversible conversion of CORTISOL to the inactive metabolite CORTISONE. Enzymes in this class can utilize either NAD or NADP as cofactors.

14-3-3 Protein, beta Isoform [M0439853]

14-3-3 Protein, epsilon Isoform [M0363270]

14-3-3 Protein, eta Isoform [M0439854]

14-3-3 Protein, gamma Isoform [M0091234]

14-3-3 Protein, tau Isoform [M0091236]

14-3-3 Protein, zeta Isoform [M0091237]

14-3-3 Proteins [M0091246]
A large family of signal-transducing adaptor proteins present in wide variety of eukaryotes. They are PHOSPHOSERINE and PHOSPHOTHREONINE binding proteins involved in important cellular processes including SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; CELL-CYCLE control; APOPTOSIS; and cellular stress responses. 14-3-3 proteins function by interacting with other signal-transducing proteins and effecting changes in their enzymatic activity and subcellular localization. The name 14-3-3 derives from numerical designations used in the original fractionation patterns of the proteins.

15-Ketosteryl Oleate Hydrolase [M0004272]

15-Oxoprostaglandin 13-Reductase [M0017804]
(5Z)-(15S)-11 alpha-Hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprostanoate:NAD(P)+ delta(13)-oxidoreductase. An enzyme active in prostaglandin E and F catabolism. It catalyzes the reduction of the double bond at the 13-14 position of the 15-ketoprostaglandins and uses NADPH as cofactor. EC 1.3.1.48.

17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Aldolase [M0028873]

17 beta, 20 alpha-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase [M0105215]

17 beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases [M0023178]

17 beta-Hydroxysteroid UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase [M0022214]

17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases [M0023179]
A class of enzymes that catalyzes the oxidation of 17-hydroxysteroids to 17-ketosteroids. EC 1.1.-.

2',3'-Cyclic-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases [M0023206]
Nucleoside-2',3'-cyclic phosphate nucleotidohydrolase. Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the 2'- or 3'- phosphate bonds of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotides. Also hydrolyzes nucleoside monophosphates. Includes EC 3.1.4.16 and EC 3.1.4.37. EC 3.1.4.-.

2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase [M0023207]
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP into a series of (2'-5') linked oligoadenylates and pyrophosphate in the presence of double-stranded RNA. These oligonucleotides activate an endoribonuclease (RNase L) which cleaves single-stranded RNA. Interferons can act as inducers of these reactions. EC 2.7.7.-.

2'-P-ADPR Cyclase [M0259134]

2-Acetolactate Mutase [M0023185]
An enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of isoleucine and valine. It converts 2-acetolactate into 3-hydroxy-2-oxo-isovalerate. Also acts on 2-hydroxy-2-acetobutyrate to form 2-hydroxy-2-oxo-3-methylvalerate. EC 5.4.99.3.

2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate [M0024150]
The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.

2-Aminoadipate Transaminase [M0113522]
A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of amino group of L-2-aminoadipate onto 2-OXOGLUTARATE to generate 2-oxoadipate and L-GLUTAMATE.

2-Aminoadipic Acid [M0023188]
A metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; (NMDA).

2-Isopropylmalate Synthase [M0023192]
An enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the biosynthetic pathway to LEUCINE, forming isopropyl malate from acetyl-CoA and alpha-ketoisovaleric acid. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.12.

2-Oxoisovalerate Dehydrogenase (Acylating) [M0077427]
An NAD+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate to 2-methylpropanoyl-CoA. It plays a role in the degradation of VALINE; LEUCINE; and ISOLEUCINE.

20-alpha-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase [M0023209]
An enzymes that catalyzes the reversible reduction-oxidation reaction of 20-alpha-hydroxysteroids, such as from PROGESTERONE to 20-ALPHA-DIHYDROPROGESTERONE.

20-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases [M0023208]
A group of enzymes that catalyze the reversible reduction-oxidation reaction of 20-hydroxysteroids, such as from a 20-ketosteroid to a 20-alpha-hydroxysteroid (EC 1.1.1.149) or to a 20-beta-hydroxysteroid (EC 1.1.1.53).

25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase [M0023210]
A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 1-alpha-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (also known as 25-hydroxycholecalciferol) in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP27B1 gene, converts 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to 1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 which is the active form of VITAMIN D in regulating bone growth and calcium metabolism. This enzyme is also active on plant 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 (ergocalciferol).

3 alpha,20 beta Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase [M0005220]

3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterase [M0023237]
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of cyclic GMP to yield guanosine-5'-phosphate. EC 3.1.4.35.

3',5'-Cyclic-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase [M0023233]
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of cyclic AMP to form adenosine 5'-phosphate. The enzyme is widely distributed in animal tissue and controls the level of intracellular cyclic AMP. Also acts on 3',5'-cyclic IMP and 3',5'-cyclic GMP. EC 3.1.4.17.

3'-5'-Exonucleases [M0082739]

3'-orf Protein [M0024066]

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylserine [M0023230]

3-alpha-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (B-Specific) [M0076298]
A 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase which catalyzes the reversible reduction of the active androgen, DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE to 5 ALPHA-ANDROSTANE-3 ALPHA,17 BETA-DIOL. It also has activity towards other 3-alpha-hydroxysteroids and on 9-, 11- and 15- hydroxyprostaglandins. The enzyme is B-specific in reference to the orientation of reduced NAD or NADPH.

3-Deoxy-7-Phosphoheptulonate Synthase [M0016655]
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of 7-phospho-2-keto-3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptonate from phosphoenolpyruvate and D-erythrose-4-phosphate. It is one of the first enzymes in the biosynthesis of TYROSINE and PHENYLALANINE. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.2.15.

3-Fucosyl-N-acetyl-lactosamine [M0024835]

3-Fucosyllactosamine Determinant [M0024831]

3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases [M0023215]
Enzymes that reversibly catalyze the oxidation of a 3-hydroxyacyl CoA to 3-ketoacyl CoA in the presence of NAD. They are key enzymes in the oxidation of fatty acids and in mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis. EC 1.1.1.35.

3-Hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-Dioxygenase [M0076197]
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxyanthranilate to 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate semialdehyde. It was formerly characterized as EC 1.13.1.6.

3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases [M0023219]
Catalyze the oxidation of 3-hydroxysteroids to 3-ketosteroids.

3-Isopropylmalate Dehydrogenase [M0076384]
An NAD+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate to 3-carboxy-4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate. It is involved in the biosynthesis of VALINE; LEUCINE; and ISOLEUCINE.

3-Methyl-2-Oxobutanoate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide) [M0077442]
A ketone oxidoreductase that catalyzes the overall conversion of alpha-keto acids to ACYL-CoA and CO2. The enzyme requires THIAMINE DIPHOSPHATE as a cofactor. Defects in genes that code for subunits of the enzyme are a cause of MAPLE SYRUP URINE DISEASE. The enzyme was formerly classified as EC 1.2.4.3.

3-Oxoacyl-(Acyl-Carrier-Protein) Synthase [M0023223]
An enzyme of long-chain fatty acid synthesis, that adds a two-carbon unit from malonyl-(acyl carrier protein) to another molecule of fatty acyl-(acyl carrier protein), giving a beta-ketoacyl-(acyl carrier protein) with the release of carbon dioxide. EC 2.3.1.41.

3-Phosphoshikimate 1-Carboxyvinyltransferase [M0079972]
An enzyme of the shikimate pathway of AROMATIC AMINO ACID biosynthesis, it generates 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate and ORTHOPHOSPHATE from PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE and SHIKIMATE-3-PHOSPHATE. The shikimate pathway is present in BACTERIA and PLANTS but not in MAMMALS.

4-1BB Ligand [M0291679]
A membrane bound member of the TNF superfamily that is expressed on activated B-LYMPHOCYTES; MACROPHAGES; and DENDRITIC CELLS. The ligand is specific for the 4-1BB RECEPTOR and may play a role in inducing the proliferation of activated peripheral blood T-LYMPHOCYTES.

4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase [M0000939]
An enzyme that converts brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID) into succinate semialdehyde, which can be converted to succinic acid and enter the citric acid cycle. It also acts on beta-alanine. EC 2.6.1.19.

4-Fluorophenylalanine [M0015726]

4-Hydroxybenzoate-3-Monooxygenase [M0023240]
A flavoprotein that catalyzes the synthesis of protocatechuic acid from 4-hydroxybenzoate in the presence of molecular oxygen. EC 1.14.13.2.

4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase [M0023242]
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate plus oxygen to homogentisic acid and carbon dioxide. EC 1.13.11.27.

4-Hydroxyproline [M0010779]

4-Nitrophenol-UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase [M0022215]

4-Nitrophenylphosphatase [M0014913]
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of nitrophenyl phosphates to nitrophenols. At acid pH it is probably ACID PHOSPHATASE (EC 3.1.3.2); at alkaline pH it is probably ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (EC 3.1.3.1). EC 3.1.3.41.

5 alpha-Dihydroprogesterone 3 alpha-Hydroxysteroid Oxidoreductase [M0090285]

5'-3'-Exonucleases [M0445300]

5'-Nucleotidase [M0024108]
A glycoprotein enzyme present in various organs and in many cells. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of a 5'-ribonucleotide to a ribonucleoside and orthophosphate in the presence of water. It is cation-dependent and exists in a membrane-bound and soluble form. EC 3.1.3.5.

5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (FADH2) [M0076715]
An FAD-dependent oxidoreductase found primarily in BACTERIA. It is specific for the reduction of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 1.1.1.68 and 1.1.99.15.

5-Aminolaevulinate [M0000952]

5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase [M0000954]
An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes condensation of the succinyl group from succinyl coenzyme A with glycine to form delta-aminolevulinate. It is a pyridoxyal phosphate protein and the reaction occurs in mitochondria as the first step of the heme biosynthetic pathway. The enzyme is a key regulatory enzyme in heme biosynthesis. In liver feedback is inhibited by heme. EC 2.3.1.37.

5-Aminosalicylate [M0029385]

5-Fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine Phosphorylase [M0022358]

5-HT(1Dalpha) Receptor [M0448576]

5-Hydroxytryptophan [M0010787]
The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.

5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase [M0021236]
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of methionine by transfer of a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to homocysteine. It requires a cobamide coenzyme. The enzyme can act on mono- or triglutamate derivatives. EC 2.1.1.13.

6-Aminocaproic Acid [M0023260]
An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.

6-Deoxyerythronolide-B Synthase [M0324448]

6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase-fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase [M0166748]

6-Phytase [M0016817]
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate and water to 1L-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5-pentakisphosphate and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.26.

7-Alkoxycoumarin O-Dealkylase [M0023999]
A drug-metabolizing enzyme found in the hepatic, placental and intestinal microsomes that metabolizes 7-alkoxycoumarin to 7-hydroxycoumarin. The enzyme is cytochrome P-450- dependent.

7-Hydroxycoumarin UDP Glucuronyltransferase [M0022216]

70Z-Cbl Protein [M0477402]

7S Collagen [M0004772]
A stable peptide fragment originating from the N-terminal domain of collagen type IV.

9,10-Epoxypalmitic Acid Hydrase [M0007609]

9-cis-Halorhodopsin [M0375050]

99mTc-Albures [M0353697]

99mTc-Human Serum Albumin [M0021097]

A gamma-Globin [M0009279]

A-43818 [M0369307]

AB-Vancomycin [M0476497]

Abbokinase [M0333864]

Abbott-38579 [M0373097]

Abrin [M0000055]
A toxic lectin from the seeds of jequirity, Abrus precatorius L. Very active poison. Five different proteins have so far been isolated: Abrus agglutinin, the component responsible for: hemagglutinating activity, & abrins a-d, the toxic principals each consisting of two peptide chains are held together by disulfide bonds.

Abrin A [M0000056]

Abrin C [M0000057]

Abuf�ne [M0431875]

Ac-De [M0484999]

Accent [M0373242]

acebraus [M0445735]

Acemuc [M0444760]

Acetabs [M0445736]

Acetaminophen Sulphotransferase [M0023427]

Acetate Kinase [M0000124]
An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of acetate in the presence of a divalent cation and ATP with the formation of acetylphosphate and ADP. It is important in the glycolysis process. EC 2.7.2.1.

Acetate-CoA Ligase [M0000159]
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of CoA derivatives from ATP, acetate, and CoA to form AMP, pyrophosphate, and acetyl CoA. It acts also on propionates and acrylates. EC 6.2.1.1.

Acetohydroxyacid Synthetase I [M0000139]

Acetoin Dehydrogenase [M0000138]
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoin to diacetyl in the presence of NAD. EC 1.1.1.5.

Acetolactate Synthase [M0000140]
A flavoprotein enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetolactate from 2 moles of PYRUVATE in the biosynthesis of VALINE and the formation of acetohydroxybutyrate from pyruvate and alpha-ketobutyrate in the biosynthesis of ISOLEUCINE. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.18.

Acetoxyhydroxyacid Synthase III [M0000141]

Acetyl-CoA C-Acetyltransferase [M0000153]
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetoacetyl-CoA from two molecules of ACETYL COA. Some enzymes called thiolase or thiolase-I have referred to this activity or to the activity of ACETYL-COA C-ACYLTRANSFERASE.

Acetyl-CoA C-Acyltransferase [M0000155]
Enzyme that catalyzes the final step of fatty acid oxidation in which ACETYL COA is released and the CoA ester of a fatty acid two carbons shorter is formed.

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase [M0000156]
A carboxylating enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP, acetyl-CoA, and HCO3- to ADP, orthophosphate, and malonyl-CoA. It is a biotinyl-protein that also catalyzes transcarboxylation. The plant enzyme also carboxylates propanoyl-CoA and butanoyl-CoA (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 6.4.1.2.

Acetyl-CoA Hydrolase [M0000157]
An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the hydrolysis of acetyl-CoA to yield CoA and acetate. The enzyme is involved in the oxidation of fatty acids. EC 3.1.2.1.

Acetylated, Dephosphorylated beta-Casein [M0003585]

Acetylcholinesterase [M0000169]
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ACETYLCHOLINE to CHOLINE and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7.

Acetylcystein AL [M0445728]

Acetylcystein Atid [M0445737]

Acetylcystein Heumann [M0445739]

Acetylcystein Trom [M0445740]

Acetylcysteine [M0000171]
The N-acetyl derivative of CYSTEINE. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates.

Ac�tylcyst�ine GNR [M0445979]

Acetylcysteine Hydrochloride [M0331337]

Acetylcysteine Sodium [M0331341]

Acetylcysteine Zinc [M0331336]

Acetylcysteine, (D)-Isomer [M0331339]

Acetylcysteine, (DL)-Isomer [M0331342]

Acetylcysteine, Monoammonium Salt [M0331340]

Acetylcysteine, Monosodium Salt [M0331338]

Acetylesterase [M0000187]
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetate esters and water to alcohols and acetate. EC 3.1.1.6.

Acetylglucosaminidase [M0000190]
2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside acetamidodeoxygluco-hydrolase. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-glucose residues in chitobiose and higher analogs as well as in glycoproteins. Has been used widely in structural studies on bacterial cell walls and in the study of diseases such as mucolipidosis and various inflammatory disorders of muscle and connective tissue.

Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine [M0000191]
Peptidoglycan immunoadjuvant originally isolated from bacterial cell wall fragments; also acts as pyrogen and may cause arthritis; stimulates both humoral and cellular immunity.

Acetylserotonin N-Methyltransferase [M0000195]
An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to N-acetylserotonin to form N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (MELATONIN). EC 2.1.1.4.

Acetylthiocholinesterase [M0000170]

Acetyltransferases [M0000197]
Enzymes catalyzing the transfer of an acetyl group, usually from acetyl coenzyme A, to another compound. EC 2.3.1.

Acetyst [M0445741]

Acid Anhydride Hydrolases [M0026851]
A group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of diphosphate bonds in compounds such as nucleoside di- and tri-phosphates, and sulfonyl-containing anhydrides such as adenylylsulfate. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.6.

Acid beta-Glycerophosphatase [M0000209]

Acid DNase [M0006012]

Acid Lipase [M0012539]

Acid Lipase A [M0012540]

Acid Lipase B [M0012541]

Acid Lipase I [M0012542]

Acid Lipase II [M0012543]

Acid Phosphatase [M0000208]
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.

Acid Proteases [M0024884]

Acid Ribonuclease [M0019068]

Acid Thiol Proteinase [M0005541]

Acidic Pancreatic Trypsin Inhibitor [M0022082]

Acidin-Pepsin [M0002434]

Acignost [M0016167]

Aconitate Hydratase [M0000233]
An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of cis-aconitate to yield citrate or isocitrate. It is one of the citric acid cycle enzymes. EC 4.2.1.3.

Acrosin [M0000265]
A trypsin-like enzyme of spermatozoa which is not inhibited by alpha 1 antitrypsin.

ACTH (1-13) [M0493893]

ACTH (1-13)NH2 [M0493894]

ACTHalpha(18-39), Serine(31)- [M0066245]

Actilyse [M0016992]

Actin Capping Proteins [M0091213]
Actin capping proteins are cytoskeletal proteins that bind to the ends of ACTIN FILAMENTS to regulate actin polymerization.

Actin Depolymerizing Factors [M0128858]
A family of low MOLECULAR WEIGHT actin-binding proteins found throughout eukaryotes. They remodel the actin CYTOSKELETON by severing ACTIN FILAMENTS and increasing the rate of monomer dissociation.

Actin-Binding Proteins [M0013780]

Actin-Related Protein 2 [M0292308]
A PROFILIN binding domain protein that is part of the Arp2-3 complex. It is related in sequence and structure to ACTIN and binds ATP.

Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex [M0480284]
A complex of seven proteins including ARP2 PROTEIN and ARP3 PROTEIN that plays an essential role in maintenance and assembly of the CYTOSKELETON. Arp2-3 complex binds WASP PROTEIN and existing ACTIN FILAMENTS, and it nucleates the formation of new branch point filaments.

Actin-Related Protein 3 [M0292311]
A component of the Arp2-3 complex that is related in sequence and structure to ACTIN and that binds ATP. It is expressed at higher levels than ARP2 PROTEIN and does not contain a PROFILIN binding domain.

Actinin [M0000275]
A protein factor that regulates the length of R-actin. It is chemically similar, but immunochemically distinguishable from actin.

Actinomycin [M0005643]

Actins [M0000296]
Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.

Activase [M0333862]

Activated-Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule [M0030062]
Cell adhesion molecule expressed on activated leukocytes, fibroblasts, and neurons. It is a ligand for CD6. ALCAM-CD6 interactions may play a role in the binding of T and B cells to activated leukocytes.

Activating Transcription Factor 1 [M0214756]
An activating transcription factor that regulates expression of a variety of genes including C-JUN GENES and TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA2.

Activating Transcription Factor 2 [M0213650]
An activating transcription factor that regulates expression of a variety of GENES including C-JUN GENES; CYCLIN A; CYCLIN D1; and ACTIVATING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 3.

Activating Transcription Factor 3 [M0229742]
An activating transcription factor that plays a key role in cellular responses to GENOTOXIC STRESS and OXIDATIVE STRESS.

Activating Transcription Factor 4 [M0194959]
An activating transcription factor that regulates the expression of a variety of GENES involved in amino acid metabolism and transport. It also interacts with HTLV-I TRANS-ACTIVATOR PROTEIN.

Activating Transcription Factor 6 [M0280604]
One of the BASIC-LEUCINE ZIPPER TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS that is synthesized as a membrane-bound protein in the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. In response to endoplasmic reticulum stress it translocates to the GOLGI APPARATUS. It is activated by PROTEASES and then moves to the CELL NUCLEUS to regulate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of GENES involved in the unfolded protein response.

Activating Transcription Factors [M0481519]
Activating transcription factors were originally identified as DNA-BINDING PROTEINS that interact with EARLY PROMOTERS from ADENOVIRUSES. They are a family of basic leucine zipper transcription factors that bind to the consensus site TGACGTCA of the cyclic AMP response element, and are closely related to CYCLIC AMP-RESPONSIVE DNA-BINDING PROTEIN.

Activin Receptors [M0229093]
Receptors for ACTIVINS are membrane protein kinases belonging to the family of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES, thus also named activin receptor-like kinases (ALK's). Activin receptors also bind TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. As those transmembrane receptors of the TGF-beta superfamily (RECEPTORS, TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA), ALK's consist of two different but related protein kinases, Type I and Type II. Activins initiate cellular signal transduction by first binding to the type II receptors (ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE II ) which then recruit and phosphorylate the type I receptors (ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE I ) with subsequent activation of the type I kinase activity.

Activin Receptors, Type I [M0265516]
One of the two types of ACTIVIN RECEPTORS or activin receptor-like kinases (ALK'S). There are several type I activin receptors. The major active ones are ALK-2 (ActR-IA) and ALK-4 (ActR-IB).

Activin Receptors, Type II [M0292107]
One of the two types of ACTIVIN RECEPTORS. They are membrane protein kinases belonging to the family of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES. The major type II activin receptors are ActR-IIA and ActR-IIB.

Activins [M0150466]
Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.

Actoheavy Meromyosin [M0375374]

Actomyosin [M0000319]
A protein complex of actin and MYOSINS occurring in muscle. It is the essential contractile substance of muscle.

Actomyosin Adenosinetriphosphatase [M0375356]

Actomyosin Subfragments [M0024309]

Acute Myeloid Leukemia 1A Protein [M0215811]

Acute Myeloid Leukemia 1B Protein [M0215812]

Acute Myeloid Leukemia 1C Protein [M0384755]

Acute Myeloid Leukemia 1D Protein [M0215813]

Acute-Phase Glycoproteins [M0000323]

Acute-Phase Proteins [M0000324]
Proteins that are secreted into the blood in increased or decreased quantities by hepatocytes in response to trauma, inflammation, or disease. These proteins can serve as inhibitors or mediators of the inflammatory processes. Certain acute-phase proteins have been used to diagnose and follow the course of diseases or as tumor markers.

Acyl Carrier Protein [M0000330]
Consists of a polypeptide chain and 4'-phosphopantetheine linked to a serine residue by a phosphodiester bond. Acyl groups are bound as thiol esters to the pantothenyl group. Acyl carrier protein is involved in every step of fatty acid synthesis by the cytoplasmic system.

Acyl CoA Desaturases [M0446719]

Acyl CoA Hydrolase [M0015780]

Acyl-Carrier Protein S-Acetyltransferase [M0070591]
A enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of acetyl groups from ACETYL CoA to acyl-carrier protein to form COENZYME A and acetyl-acyl-carrier protein.

Acyl-Carrier Protein S-Malonyltransferase [M0070598]
This enzyme catalyzes the transacylation of malonate from MALONYL CoA to activated holo-ACP, to generate malonyl-(acyl-carrier protein), which is an elongation substrate in FATTY ACIDS biosynthesis. It is an essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of FATTY ACIDS in all BACTERIA.

Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase [M0070625]
A flavoprotein oxidoreductase that has specificity for medium-chain fatty acids. It forms a complex with ELECTRON TRANSFERRING FLAVOPROTEINS and conveys reducing equivalents to UBIQUINONE.

Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase, Long-Chain [M0158730]
A flavoprotein oxidoreductase that has specificity for long-chain fatty acids. It forms a complex with ELECTRON-TRANSFERRING FLAVOPROTEINS and conveys reducing equivalents to UBIQUINONE.

Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenases [M0008262]
Enzymes that catalyze the first step in the beta-oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.

Acyl-CoA Oxidase [M0079346]
An enzyme that catalyzes the first and rate-determining steps of peroxisomal beta-oxidation of fatty acids. It acts on COENZYME A derivatives of fatty acids with chain lengths from 8 to 18, using FLAVIN-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE as a cofactor.

Acyltransferases [M0000335]
Enzymes from the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of acyl groups from donor to acceptor, forming either esters or amides. (From Enzyme Nomenclature 1992) EC 2.3.

ADAM Proteins [M0481642]
A family of membrane-anchored glycoproteins that contain a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain. They are responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of many transmembrane proteins and the release of their extracellular domain.

Adaptor Protein Complex 1 [M0163799]
A clathrin adaptor protein complex primarily involved in clathrin-related transport at the TRANS-GOLGI NETWORK.

Adaptor Protein Complex 2 [M0333169]
An adaptor protein complex primarily involved in the formation of clathrin-related endocytotic vesicles (ENDOSOMES) at the CELL MEMBRANE.

Adaptor Protein Complex 3 [M0163801]
An adaptor protein complex found primarily on perinuclear compartments.

Adaptor Protein Complex 4 [M0146883]
An adaptor protein complex involved in transport of molecules between the TRANS-GOLGI NETWORK and the endosomal-lysosomal system.

Adaptor Protein Complex alpha Subunits [M0163813]
A family of large adaptin protein subunits of approximately 100 kDa in size. They have been primarily found as components of ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 2.

Adaptor Protein Complex beta Subunits [M0175277]
A family of large adaptin protein complex subunits of approximately 90-130 kDa in size.

Adaptor Protein Complex delta Subunits [M0281499]
A family of large adaptin protein subunits of approximately 130-kDa in size. They have been primarily found as components of ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 3.

Adaptor Protein Complex gamma Subunits [M0183696]
A family of large adaptin protein subunits of approximately 90 KDa in size. They have been primarily found as components of ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 1.

Adaptor Protein Complex mu Subunits [M0404403]
A family of medium adaptin protein subunits of approximately 45 KDa in size. They have been primarily found as components of ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 3 and ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 4.

Adaptor Protein Complex sigma Subunits [M0404545]
A family of small adaptin protein complex subunits of approximately 19 KDa in size.

Adaptor Protein Complex Subunits [M0404544]
The subunits that make up the large, medium and small chains of adaptor proteins.

Adaptor Protein Complexes, Vesicular Transport [M0404725]
Multisubunit protein complexes of adaptor proteins.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing [M0462870]
A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymes

Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport [M0146907]
A class of proteins involved in the transport of molecules via TRANSPORT VESICLES. They perform functions such as binding to the cell membrane, capturing cargo molecules and promoting the assembly of CLATHRIN. The majority of adaptor proteins exist as multi-subunit complexes, however monomeric varieties have also been found.

Adenine Nucleotide Translocase [M0408259]

Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 1 [M0000349]
A subtype of mitochondrial ADP, ATP translocase found primarily in heart muscle (MYOCARDIUM) and skeletal muscle (MUSCLE, SKELETAL).

Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 2 [M0000350]
A subtype of mitochondrial ADP, ATP translocase found primarily in FIBROBLASTS.

Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 3 [M0000351]
A subtype of mitochondrial ADP, ATP translocase found primarily in the LIVER.

Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase [M0000353]
An enzyme catalyzing the formation of AMP from adenine and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. It can act as a salvage enzyme for recycling of adenine into nucleic acids. EC 2.4.2.7.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein [M0215186]
A negative regulator of beta-catenin signaling which is mutant in ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI and GARDNER SYNDROME.

Adenosine Deaminase [M0000379]
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of adenosine to inosine with the elimination of ammonia. Since there are wide tissue and species variations in the enzyme, it has been used as a tool in the study of human and animal genetics and in medical diagnosis. EC 3.5.4.4.

Adenosine Kinase [M0000385]
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20.

Adenosine Triphosphatases [M0000391]
A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.

Adenosinetriphosphatase [M0493578]

Adenosylhomocysteinase [M0072172]
An enzyme which catalyzes the catabolism of S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE to ADENOSINE and HOMOCYSTEINE. It may play a role in regulating the concentration of intracellular adenosylhomocysteine.

Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase [M0019325]
An enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to yield 5'-deoxy-(5'-),3-aminopropyl-(1), methylsulfonium salt. It is one of the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of spermidine from putrescine. EC 4.1.1.50.

Adenovirus 12 Early Region 1B 19K Protein [M0026554]

Adenovirus Core Protein VII [M0022696]

Adenovirus E1 Proteins [M0026549]
The very first viral gene products synthesized after cells are infected with adenovirus. The E1 region of the genome has been divided into two major transcriptional units, E1A and E1B, each expressing proteins of the same name (ADENOVIRUS E1A PROTEINS and ADENOVIRUS E1B PROTEINS).

Adenovirus E19 Proteins [M0026491]

Adenovirus E1A Protein Domain 3 [M0026553]

Adenovirus E1A Proteins [M0026552]
Proteins transcribed from the E1A genome region of ADENOVIRUSES which are involved in positive regulation of transcription of the early genes of host infection.

Adenovirus E1B 19K Protein [M0026556]

Adenovirus E1B Proteins [M0026555]
Proteins transcribed from the E1B region of ADENOVIRUSES which are involved in regulation of the levels of early and late viral gene expression.

Adenovirus E2 Proteins [M0026561]
Proteins transcribed from the E2 region of ADENOVIRUSES. Several of these are required for viral DNA replication.

Adenovirus E29 Protein [M0026492]

Adenovirus E2A 72K Protein [M0026559]

Adenovirus E2A Proteins [M0026557]

Adenovirus E2F Proteins [M0026558]

Adenovirus E3 19K Protein [M0026562]

Adenovirus E3 Proteins [M0026563]
Proteins transcribed from the E3 region of ADENOVIRUSES but not essential for viral replication. The E3 19K protein mediates adenovirus persistence by reducing the expression of class I major histocompatibility complex antigens on the surface of infected cells.

Adenovirus E4 Proteins [M0026564]
Proteins transcribed from the E4 region of ADENOVIRUSES. The E4 19K protein transactivates transcription of the adenovirus E2F protein and complexes with it.

Adenovirus E4F Protein [M0026565]

Adenovirus Early Proteins [M0026490]
Proteins encoded by adenoviruses that are synthesized prior to, and in the absence of, viral DNA replication. The proteins are involved in both positive and negative regulation of expression in viral and cellular genes, and also affect the stability of viral mRNA. Some are also involved in oncogenic transformation.

Adenylate Cyclase [M0000412]
An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of CYCLIC AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1.

Adenylate Cyclase Toxin [M0016415]
One of the virulence factors produced by virulent BORDETELLA organisms. It is a bifunctional protein with both ADENYLATE CYCLASE and hemolysin components.

Adenylate Kinase [M0000413]
An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of AMP to ADP in the presence of ATP or inorganic triphosphate. EC 2.7.4.3.

Adenylosuccinate Lyase [M0000414]
An enzyme that, in the course of purine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, catalyzes the conversion of 5'-phosphoribosyl-4-(N-succinocarboxamide)-5-aminoimidazole to 5'-phosphoribosyl-4-carboxamide-5-aminoimidazole and the conversion of adenylosuccinic acid to AMP. EC 4.3.2.2.

Adenylosuccinate Synthase [M0000415]
A carbon-nitrogen ligase. During purine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, this enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of adenylosuccinate from GTP; IMP; and aspartate with the formation of orthophosphate and GDP. EC 6.3.4.4.

Adhesins, Bacterial [M0028184]
Cell-surface components or appendages of bacteria that facilitate adhesion (BACTERIAL ADHESION) to other cells or to inanimate surfaces. Most fimbriae (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) of gram-negative bacteria function as adhesins, but in many cases it is a minor subunit protein at the tip of the fimbriae that is the actual adhesin. In gram-positive bacteria, a protein or polysaccharide surface layer serves as the specific adhesin. What is sometimes called polymeric adhesin (BIOFILMS) is distinct from protein adhesin.

Adhesins, Escherichia coli [M0028185]
Thin, filamentous protein structures, including proteinaceous capsular antigens (fimbrial antigens), that mediate adhesion of E. coli to surfaces and play a role in pathogenesis. They have a high affinity for various epithelial cells.

Adiponectin [M0260436]
A 30-kDa COMPLEMENT C1Q-related protein, the most abundant gene product secreted by FAT CELLS of the white ADIPOSE TISSUE. Adiponectin modulates several physiological processes, such as metabolism of GLUCOSE and FATTY ACIDS, and immune responses. Decreased plasma adiponectin levels are associated with INSULIN RESISTANCE; TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; and ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

Adiuretin [M0369335]

Adiuretin SD [M0369334]

ADP Ribose Transferases [M0408809]
Enzymes that transfer the ADP-RIBOSE group of NAD or NADP to proteins or other small molecules. Transfer of ADP-ribose to water (i.e., hydrolysis) is catalyzed by the NADASES. The mono(ADP-ribose)transferases transfer a single ADP-ribose. POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASES transfer multiple units of ADP-ribose to protein targets, building POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE in linear or branched chains.

ADP-ribosyl Cyclase [M0160282]
A membrane-bound or cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of CYCLIC ADP-RIBOSE (cADPR) from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). This enzyme generally catalyzes the hydrolysis of cADPR to ADP-RIBOSE, as well, and sometimes the synthesis of cyclic ADP-ribose 2' phosphate (2'-P-cADPR) from NADP.

ADP-Ribosylation Factor 1 [M0328141]
ADP-RIBOSYLATION FACTOR 1 is involved in regulating intracellular transport by modulating the interaction of coat proteins with organelle membranes in the early secretory pathway. It is a component of COAT PROTEIN COMPLEX I. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

ADP-Ribosylation Factors [M0328150]
MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that were initially recognized as allosteric activators of the MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASE of the CHOLERA TOXIN catalytic subunit. They are involved in vesicle trafficking and activation of PHOSPHOLIPASE D. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone [M0000499]
An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).

Adrenodoxin [M0000500]
An iron-sulfur protein which serves as an electron carrier in enzymatic steroid hydroxylation reactions in adrenal cortex mitochondria. The electron transport system which catalyzes this reaction consists of adrenodoxin reductase, NADP, adrenodoxin, and cytochrome P-450.

Adrenomedullin [M0216201]
A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.

Aequorin [M0000509]
A photoprotein isolated from the bioluminescent jellyfish Aequorea. It emits visible light by an intramolecular reaction when a trace amount of calcium ion is added. The light-emitting moiety in the bioluminescence reaction is believed to be 2-amino-3-benzyl-5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)pyrazine (AF-350).

AER-I beta-Lactamase [M0016143]

Aerosporin [M0017215]

Ag-Zn Superoxide Dismutase [M0020833]

AGAMOUS Protein, Arabidopsis [M0221043]
A plant homeotic protein involved in the development of stamens and carpels of Arabidopsis thaliana. It is a DNA-binding protein that contains the MADS-box domain. It is one of the four founder proteins that structurally define the superfamily of MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS.

Agamous-Like Proteins [M0384313]

Agglutinins, Plant [M0412052]

Aggrecans [M0176993]
Large HYALURONAN-containing proteoglycans found in articular cartilage (CARTILAGE, ARTICULAR). They form into aggregates that provide tissues with the capacity to resist high compressive and tensile forces.

Agrin [M0027395]
A protein component of the synaptic basal lamina. It has been shown to induce clustering of acetylcholine receptors on the surface of muscle fibers and other synaptic molecules in both synapse regeneration and development.

Airbron [M0445742]

Ak-Tracin [M0454529]

Alamethicin [M0000618]
A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Alanine [M0000619]
A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Alanine Dehydrogenase [M0072260]
An NAD-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the reversible DEAMINATION of L-ALANINE to PYRUVATE and AMMONIA. The enzyme is needed for growth when ALANINE is the sole CARBON or NITROGEN source. It may also play a role in CELL WALL synthesis because L-ALANINE is an important constituent of the PEPTIDOGLYCAN layer.

Alanine Racemase [M0000622]
A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that reversibly catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine to D-alanine. EC 5.1.1.1.

Alanine Transaminase [M0000620]
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.

Alanine-tRNA Ligase [M0000623]
An enzyme that activates alanine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.7.

Albumins [M0000629]
Water-soluble proteins found in egg whites, blood, lymph, and other tissues and fluids. They coagulate upon heating.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase [M0000643]
A zinc-containing enzyme which oxidizes primary and secondary alcohols or hemiacetals in the presence of NAD. In alcoholic fermentation, it catalyzes the final step of reducing an aldehyde to an alcohol in the presence of NADH and hydrogen.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase I [M0000644]

Alcohol Dehydrogenase II [M0000645]

Alcohol Oxidoreductases [M0000651]
A subclass of enzymes which includes all dehydrogenases acting on primary and secondary alcohols as well as hemiacetals. They are further classified according to the acceptor which can be NAD+ or NADP+ (subclass 1.1.1), cytochrome (1.1.2), oxygen (1.1.3), quinone (1.1.5), or another acceptor (1.1.99).

Aldehyde Dehydrogenase [M0000673]
An enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of NAD+ and water to an acid and NADH. EC 1.2.1.3. Before 1978, it was classified as EC 1.1.1.70.

Aldehyde Dehydrogenase E1 [M0000674]

Aldehyde Dehydrogenase E2 [M0000675]

Aldehyde Oxidase [M0072305]
An aldehyde oxidoreductase expressed predominantly in the LIVER; LUNGS; and KIDNEY. It catalyzes the oxidation of a variety of organic aldehydes and N-heterocyclic compounds to CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, and also oxidizes QUINOLINE and PYRIDINE derivatives. The enzyme utilizes molybdenum cofactor and FAD as cofactors.

Aldehyde Oxidoreductases [M0000677]
Oxidoreductases that are specific for ALDEHYDES.

Aldehyde Reductase [M0000681]
An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the oxidation of an aldose to an alditol. It possesses broad specificity for many aldoses. EC 1.1.1.21.

Aldehyde-Ketone Transferases [M0029519]
Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of aldehyde or ketone residues. EC 2.2.

Aldehyde-Lyases [M0000678]
Enzymes that catalyze a reverse aldol condensation. A molecule containing a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group is cleaved at a C-C bond to produce two smaller molecules (ALDEHYDES or KETONES). EC 4.1.2.

Aldolase A [M0008857]

Aldolase B [M0008858]

Aldolase C [M0008859]

Aldomet [M0013628]

Aldose Reductase Ia [M0000682]

Aldose Reductase Ib [M0000683]

Aldose-Ketose Isomerases [M0029314]
Enzymes that catalyze the interconversion of aldoses and ketoses. EC 5.3.1.

Aldosterone Synthase [M0028872]
A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 18-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-specific flavoprotein. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11B2 gene, is important in the conversion of CORTICOSTERONE to 18-hydroxycorticosterone and the subsequent conversion to ALDOSTERONE.

Algal Peptides [M0030074]

Algal Proteins [M0030075]
Proteins found in any species of algae.

Alkaline DNase [M0006013]

Alkaline Phosphatase [M0000712]
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.

Alkaline Ribonuclease [M0019069]

Alkane 1-Monooxygenase [M0076535]
A P450 oxidoreductase that catalyzes the hydroxylation of the terminal carbon of linear hydrocarbons such as OCTANE and FATTY ACIDS in the omega position. The enzyme may also play a role in the oxidation of a variety of structurally unrelated compounds such as XENOBIOTICS, and STEROIDS.

Alkeran [M0013332]

Alkyl and Aryl Transferases [M0029524]
A somewhat heterogeneous class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of alkyl or related groups (excluding methyl groups). EC 2.5.

Alkyltransferases [M0029522]

Allerglobuline [M0373035]

Alloisoleucine [M0011765]

Allophanate Hydrolase [M0000744]
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of allophanic acid to two molecules of ammonia plus two molecules of "active carbon dioxide". EC 3.5.1.54.

Allylglycine [M0000753]
An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase and an antagonist of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. It is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals.

alpha 1-Acid Glycoprotein (Acute Phase) [M0015444]

alpha 1-Acute Phase Globulin [M0000767]

alpha 1-Acute Phase Protein [M0000766]

alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin [M0000778]
Glycoprotein found in alpha(1)-globulin region in human serum. It inhibits chymotrypsin-like proteinases in vivo and has cytotoxic killer-cell activity in vitro. The protein also has a role as an acute-phase protein and is active in the control of immunologic and inflammatory processes, and as a tumor marker. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.

alpha 1-Antitrypsin [M0000780]
Plasma glycoprotein member of the serpin superfamily which inhibits TRYPSIN; NEUTROPHIL ELASTASE; and other PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES. Commonly referred to as alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (A1PI), it exists in over 30 different biochemical variant forms known collectively as the Pi (protease inhibitor) system. Hereditary A1PI deficiency is associated with PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.

alpha 1-Macroglobulin [M0000768]

alpha 1-Proteinase Inhibitor F [M0000781]

alpha 1-Proteinase Inhibitor S [M0000782]

alpha 2-Acute Phase Globulins [M0000769]

alpha 2-Glucoproteins [M0000770]

alpha Catenin [M0188648]
A catenin that binds F-ACTIN and links the CYTOSKELETON with BETA CATENIN and GAMMA CATENIN.

alpha Karyopherins [M0240469]
Nucleocytoplasmic transport molecules that bind to the NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SIGNALS of cytoplasmic molecules destined to be imported into the CELL NUCLEUS. Once attached to their cargo they bind to BETA KARYOPHERINS and are transported through the NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX. Inside the CELL NUCLEUS alpha karyopherins dissociate from beta karypherins and their cargo. They then form a complex with CELLULAR APOPTOSIS SUSCEPTIBILITY PROTEIN and RAN GTP-BINDING PROTEIN which is exported to the CYTOPLASM.

Alpha(1) Antiplasmin [M0001392]

alpha(S1)-Casein [M0003596]

alpha(S1)-Casein A [M0003597]

alpha(S1)-Casein B [M0003598]

alpha(S1)-Casein C [M0003599]

alpha(S2)-Casein [M0003586]

alpha, alpha-Enolase [M0016706]

alpha-1 Globin [M0009280]

alpha-1 Lipoprotein [M0012582]

alpha-2 Chimerin [M0331682]

alpha-Actin [M0000297]

alpha-Actinin [M0000278]

Alpha-Amanitin [M0000844]

Alpha-Amanitine [M0000845]

alpha-Amylase [M0000783]
An enzyme that catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-glycosidic linkages in starch, glycogen, and related polysaccharides and oligosaccharides containing 3 or more 1,4-alpha-linked D-glucose units. EC 3.2.1.1.

alpha-Amylase 2 [M0000785]

Alpha-Amylase Bayer [M0477123]

alpha-Atrial Natriuretic Peptide [M0014513]
A potent circulating form of ANP that is a 28-amino acid peptide. It derives from the (99-126) amino acids of prohormone gamma-ANP, also known as ANP (1-126).

alpha-Caseins [M0003587]

alpha-Catulin [M0479530]

alpha-Caveolin [M0209020]

alpha-CGRP [M0024124]

Alpha-Chymotrypsin Choay [M0478344]

Alpha-Chymotrypsinogen [M0004467]

alpha-Collagen [M0004774]

alpha-Conotoxins [M0333357]

alpha-Crystallin A Chain [M0005387]
One of the subunits of alpha-crystallins. Unlike ALPHA-CRYSTALLIN B CHAIN the expression of ALPHA-CRYSTALLIN A CHAIN is limited primarily to the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE).

alpha-Crystallin B Chain [M0005401]
One of the alpha crystallin subunits. In addition to being expressed in the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE), alpha-crystallin B chain has been found in a variety of tissues such as HEART; BRAIN; MUSCLE; and KIDNEY. Accumulation of the protein in the brain is associated with NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES such as CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB SYNDROME and ALEXANDER DISEASE.

alpha-Crystallins [M0005389]
A subclass of crystallins that provides the majority of refractive power and translucency to the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE) in VERTEBRATES. Alpha-crystallins also act as molecular chaperones that bind to denatured proteins, keep them in solution and thereby maintain the translucency of the lens. The proteins exist as large oligomers that are formed from ALPHA-CRYSTALLIN A CHAIN and ALPHA-CRYSTALLIN B CHAIN subunits.

alpha-Defensins [M0360491]
DEFENSINS found in azurophilic granules of neutrophils and in the secretory granules of intestinal PANETH CELLS.

alpha-Dystroglycan [M0454540]

alpha-Elastin [M0007151]

alpha-Endorphin [M0028178]
An endogenous opioid peptide derived from BETA-LIPOTROPIN of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) system. It is the 16-amino acid sequence of the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN and differs from GAMMA-ENDORPHIN by one amino acid (beta-endorphin 1-17).

alpha-Fetoproteins [M0000763]
The first alpha-globulins to appear in mammalian sera during development of the embryo and the dominant serum proteins in early embryonic life. They reappear in the adult serum during certain pathologic states, primarily hepatocellular carcinoma. They may also be elevated in the amniotic fluid and maternal serum during pregnancy in ANENCEPHALY.

alpha-Galactosidase [M0000793]
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-galactose residues in alpha-galactosides including galactose oligosaccharides, galactomannans, and galactolipids.

alpha-Gliadin [M0009262]

alpha-Globin [M0009281]

Alpha-Globulins [M0000765]
Serum proteins that have the most rapid migration during ELECTROPHORESIS. This subgroup of globulins is divided into faster and slower alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-globulins.

alpha-Glucosidases [M0000794]
Enzymes that catalyze the exohydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-glucosidic linkages with release of alpha-glucose. Deficiency of alpha-1,4-glucosidase may cause GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE II.

alpha-Haemocyanin [M0010099]

alpha-Isoactin [M0000298]

alpha-Kallikrein [M0011894]

alpha-Keratin [M0494274]

alpha-L-Fucosidase [M0008874]
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of an alpha L-fucoside to yield an alcohol and L-fucose. Deficiency of this enzyme can cause FUCOSIDOSIS. EC 3.2.1.51.

alpha-Lactalbumin [M0012138]

alpha-Lactalbumin A [M0012139]

alpha-Lactalbumin B [M0012140]

alpha-Lactalbumin C [M0012141]

alpha-Macrofetoprotein [M0000773]

alpha-Macroglobulins [M0000771]
Glycoproteins with a molecular weight of approximately 620,000 to 680,000. Precipitation by electrophoresis is in the alpha region. They include alpha 1-macroglobulins and alpha 2-macroglobulins. These proteins exhibit trypsin-, chymotrypsin-, thrombin-, and plasmin-binding activity and function as hormonal transporters.

alpha-Mannosidase [M0085930]
An enzyme that catalyzes the HYDROLYSIS of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-mannose residues in alpha-D-mannosides. The enzyme plays a role in the processing of newly formed N-glycans and in degradation of mature GLYCOPROTEINS. There are multiple isoforms of alpha-mannosidase, each having its own specific cellular location and pH optimum. Defects in the lysosomal form of the enzyme results in a buildup of mannoside intermediate metabolites and the disease ALPHA-MANNOSIDOSIS.

alpha-Methyltyrosine [M0029394]
An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)

alpha-Methyltyrosine Hydrochloride [M0329126]

alpha-MSH [M0000797]
A 13-amino acid peptide derived from proteolytic cleavage of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE, the N-terminal segment of ACTH. ACTH (1-13) is amidated at the C-terminal to form ACTH (1-13)NH2 which in turn is acetylated to form alpha-MSH in the secretory granules. Alpha-MSH stimulates the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates.

alpha-N-Acetylgalactosaminidase [M0063960]
A hexosaminidase with specificity for terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues in N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminides.

alpha-P85 Subunit, PI-3K [M0029505]

Alpha-Peroxidase [M0010545]

alpha-Sarcoglycan [M0223527]

alpha-Secretase [M0205212]

alpha-SNAP [M0202544]

alpha-Spectrin [M0020226]

Alpha-Stathmin [M0166753]

alpha-Synuclein [M0159750]
A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES that plays a role in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.

alpha-Thrombin [M0021420]

alpha-Toxin [M0016674]

alpha-Transducin [M0023546]

alpha-Tropomyosin [M0022041]

alpha-Tryptases [M0496632]

alpha-Tubulin [M0022139]

alpha-Vinculin [M0025313]

alpha2-Very-Low-Density Lipoproteins [M0012593]

Alphacutan�e [M0478343]

Alphaglobin [M0025532]

Altracin [M0454536]

Aluminum L-Glutamate [M0009379]

Alveolex [M0445743]

AM424 [M0097294]

Amanitins [M0000846]
Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.

Amelogenin [M0046530]
A major dental enamel-forming protein found in mammals. In humans the protein is encoded by GENES found on both the X CHROMOSOME and the Y CHROMOSOME.

Amicar [M0351469]

Amide Synthases [M0029294]
Enzymes that catalyze the joining of either ammonia or an amide with another molecule, in which the linkage is in the form of a carbon-nitrogen bond. EC 6.3.1.

Amidine-Lyases [M0029322]
These enzymes catalyze the elimination of ammonia from amidines with the formation of a double bond. EC 4.3.2.

Amidinotransferases [M0000899]
Enzymes of a subclass of TRANSFERASES that catalyze the transfer of an amidino group from donor to acceptor. EC 2.1.4.

Amidohydrolases [M0000901]

Amidophosphoribosyltransferase [M0000902]
An enzyme, involved in the early steps of purine nucleotide biosynthesis, that catalyzes the formation of 5-phosphoribosylamine from glutamine and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. EC 2.4.2.14.

Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing) [M0010388]
A group of enzymes including those oxidizing primary monoamines, diamines, and histamine. They are copper proteins, and, as their action depends on a carbonyl group, they are sensitive to inhibition by semicarbazide. EC 1.4.3.6.

Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones [M0000915]
Inhibitors of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES and sulfhydryl group-containing enzymes. They act as alkylating agents and are known to interfere in the translation process.

Amino Acid Isomerases [M0000916]
Enzymes that catalyze either the racemization or epimerization of chiral centers within amino acids or derivatives. EC 5.1.1.

Amino Acid Naphthylamidases [M0000919]

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases [M0000920]
A class of enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions of amino acids.

Amino Acid Permeases [M0099794]
Amino acid transporters found in yeasts, plants and lower organisms. However, the distinction between the terms permease and transporter has not been consistently maintained in the literature.

Amino Acid Racemases [M0000917]

Amino Acid Transport System A [M0379253]
A sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter that accounts for most of the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid uptake by mammalian cells. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE; SERINE; and GLUTAMINE.

Amino Acid Transport System ASC [M0379390]
A ubiquitous sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE; SERINE; and CYSTEINE.

Amino Acid Transport System L [M0151518]
A sodium-independent neutral amino acid transporter system with specificity for large amino acids. One of the functions of the transporter system is to supply large neutral amino acids to the brain.

Amino Acid Transport System X-AG [M0379930]
A family of POTASSIUM and SODIUM-dependent acidic amino acid transporters that demonstrate a high affinity for GLUTAMIC ACID and ASPARTIC ACID. Several variants of this system are found in neuronal tissue.

Amino Acid Transport System y+ [M0379670]
A sodium-independent, basic amino acid transport system with a high-affinity for LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE.

Amino Acid Transport System y+L [M0379762]
A leucine-sensitive amino acid transport system with high affinity for basic amino acids( AMINO ACIDS, BASIC).

Amino Acid Transport Systems [M0151519]
Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Acidic [M0379251]
Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting acidic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, ACIDIC).

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic [M0379252]
Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting basic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BASIC).

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral [M0379250]
Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting neutral amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, NEUTRAL).

Amino Acids [M0000922]
Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

Amino Acids, Acidic [M0370116]
Amino acids with side chains that are negatively charged at physiological pH.

Amino Acids, Aromatic [M0370111]
Amino acids containing an aromatic side chain.

Amino Acids, Basic [M0370134]
Amino acids with side chains that are positively charged at physiological pH.

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain [M0000923]
Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain.

Amino Acids, Cyclic [M0000924]
A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.

Amino Acids, Diamino [M0000925]

Amino Acids, Dicarboxylic [M0000926]

Amino Acids, Essential [M0000927]
Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.

Amino Acids, Neutral [M0354106]
Amino acids with uncharged R groups or side chains.

Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins [M0000928]
Amino acids and chains of amino acids connected by peptide linkages.

Amino Acids, Sulfur [M0000929]

Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases [M0000930]
A subclass of enzymes that aminoacylate AMINO ACID-SPECIFIC TRANSFER RNA with their corresponding AMINO ACIDS.

Amino-Acid N-Acetyltransferase [M0070469]
A mitochondrial matrix enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of L-GLUTAMATE to N-acetyl-L-glutamate in the presence of ACETYL-COA.

Aminoacyltransferases [M0029520]
Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of an aminoacyl group from donor to acceptor resulting in the formation of an ester or amide linkage. EC 2.3.2.

Aminobutyric Acid [M0000941]

Aminobutyric Acids [M0000940]
Aliphatic four carbon acids substituted in any position(s) with amino group(s). They are found in most living things. The best known is GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID.

Aminocaproic Acids [M0000942]
A group of compounds that are derivatives of aminohexanoic acids.

Aminoglycoside 3'-Phosphotransferases (I and II) [M0029495]

Aminoglycoside Phosphotransferase Type III [M0029498]

Aminohydrolases [M0000948]

Aminoisobutyric Acids [M0000950]
A group of compounds that are derivatives of the amino acid 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid.

Aminolevulinic Acid [M0000951]
A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.

Aminolevulinic Acid Hydrochloride [M0477089]

Aminomethyltransferase [M0074977]
A one-carbon group transferase that transfers lipoamide-linked methylamine groups to tetrahydrofolate (TETRAHYDROFOLATES) to form methylenetetrahydrofolate and AMMONIA. It is one of four components of the glycine decarboxylase complex.

Aminomuconate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase [M0285718]
An NAD+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 2-aminomuconate 6-semialdehyde to 2-aminomuconate.

Aminooligopeptidase [M0114960]
Intestinal aminopeptidase N.

Aminopeptidases [M0000957]
A subclass of EXOPEPTIDASES that act on the free N terminus end of a polypeptide liberating a single amino acid residue. EC 3.4.11.

Aminophospholipid Transfer Proteins [M0069070]

Aminopyrine N-Demethylase [M0000966]

Ammonia-Lyases [M0000982]
Enzymes that catalyze the formation of a carbon-carbon double bond by the elimination of AMMONIA. EC 4.3.1.

AMP Deaminase [M0001011]
An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of AMP to IMP. EC 3.5.4.6.

Amphibian Proteins [M0385419]
Proteins obtained from species in the class of AMPHIBIA.

Amylases [M0001046]
A group of amylolytic enzymes that cleave starch, glycogen, and related alpha-1,4-glucans. (Stedman, 25th ed) EC 3.2.1.-.

Amyloid [M0001047]
A type of extracellularly deposited substance composed of an amyloid protein and additional components including HEPARAN SULFATE PROTEOGLYCAN; LAMININ; COLLAGEN TYPE IV; SERUM AMYLOID P-COMPONENT; and APOLIPOPROTEINS E which together form characteristic amyloid fibrils. The core of amyloid fibrils is formed by the stacking of overlapping beta-pleated sheet domains of the amyloid protein. There are many different amyloid proteins that have been found forming the core of the fibrils in vivo. However, amyloid can be formed from any protein that exposes beta-pleated strand conformations during unfolding or refolding. A common characteristic of amyloid is the ability to bind such dyes as CONGO RED and thioflavine.

Amyloid A Protein [M0001051]
The non-circulating form of serum amyloid A protein. It is found deposited in a variety of tissues during AMYLOIDOSIS.

Amyloid beta-Protein [M0024786]
A 4-kDa protein, 39-43 amino acids long, expressed by a gene located on chromosome 21. It is the major protein subunit of the vascular and plaque amyloid filaments in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (DOWN SYNDROME). The protein is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue.

Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor [M0025265]
A precursor to the AMYLOID-BETA PROTEIN (beta/A4). Alterations in the expression of the amyloid beta-protein precursor (ABPP) gene, located on chromosome 21, plays a role in the development of the neuropathology common to both ALZHEIMER DISEASE and DOWN SYNDROME. ABPP is associated with the extensive extracellular matrix secreted by neuronal cells. Upon cleavage, this precursor produces three proteins of varying amino acid lengths: 695, 751, and 770. The beta/A4 (695 amino acids) or beta-amyloid protein is the principal component of the extracellular amyloid in senile plaques found in ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DOWN SYNDROME and, to a limited extent, in normal aging.

Amyloid Fibrils [M0455694]

Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases [M0205216]
Endopeptidases that are specific for AMYLOID PROTEIN PRECURSOR. Three secretase subtypes referred to as alpha, beta, and gamma have been identified based upon the region of amyloid protein precursor they cleave.

Amyloid Proteins [M0455693]
Proteins that form the core of amyloid fibrils. For example, the core of amyloid A is formed from amyloid A protein, also known as serum amyloid A protein or SAA protein.

Amylopectin Branching Enzyme [M0023174]

Anakinra [M0494869]
A synthetic form of native human IL-1Ra that has an additional methionine residue at its amino terminus.

Ananase [M0002935]

Anaphylatoxin [M0001075]

Anaphylatoxins [M0001074]
Serum peptides derived from certain cleaved COMPLEMENT PROTEINS during COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. They induce smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION; mast cell HISTAMINE RELEASE; PLATELET AGGREGATION; and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from the strongest to the weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine.

Ancrod [M0001092]
An enzyme fraction from the venom of the Malayan pit viper, Agkistrodon rhodostoma. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of a number of amino acid esters and a limited proteolysis of fibrinogen. It is used clinically to produce controlled defibrination in patients requiring anticoagulant therapy. EC 3.4.21.-.

Androgen-Binding Protein [M0001104]
Carrier proteins produced in the Sertoli cells of the testis, secreted into the seminiferous tubules, and transported via the efferent ducts to the epididymis. They participate in the transport of androgens. Androgen-binding protein has the same amino acid sequence as SEX HORMONE-BINDING GLOBULIN. They differ by their sites of synthesis and post-translational oligosaccharide modifications.

Androgen-Dependent Epididymal Secretory Proteins [M0387590]
Epididymal secretory proteins that are stimulated by androgen.

Androsterone UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase [M0022217]

Angiogenesis Factor Inhibitors [M0095952]

Angiogenic Peptides [M0441467]

Angiogenic Proteins [M0441466]
Intercellular signaling peptides and proteins that regulate the proliferation of new blood vessels under normal physiological conditions (ANGIOGENESIS, PHYSIOLOGICAL). Aberrant expression of angiogenic proteins during disease states such as tumorigenesis can also result in PATHOLOGICAL ANGIOGENESIS.

Angiopoietin-1 [M0270236]
The first to be discovered member of the angiopoietin family. It may play a role in increasing the sprouting and branching of BLOOD VESSELS. Angiopoietin-1 specifically binds to and stimulates the TIE-2 RECEPTOR. Several isoforms of angiopoietin-1 occur due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of its mRNA.

Angiopoietin-2 [M0277968]
An angiopoietin that is closely related to ANGIOPOIETIN-1. It binds to the TIE-2 RECEPTOR without receptor stimulation and antagonizes the effect of ANGIOPOIETIN-1. However its antagonistic effect may be limited to cell receptors that occur within the vasculature. Angiopoietin-2 may therefore play a role in down-regulation of BLOOD VESSEL branching and sprouting.

Angiopoietins [M0441729]
A family of structurally-related angiogenic proteins of approximately 70 kDa in size. They have high specificity for members of the TIE RECEPTOR FAMILY.

Angiostatic Peptides [M0442527]

Angiostatic Proteins [M0442526]
Proteins that specifically inhibit the growth of new blood vessels (ANGIOGENESIS, PHYSIOLOGIC).

Angiostatins [M0238172]
Circulating 38-kDa proteins that are internal peptide fragments of PLASMINOGEN. The name derives from the fact that they are potent ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS. Angiostatins contain four KRINGLE DOMAINS which are associated with their potent angiostatic activity.

Angiotensin Amide [M0001200]
The octapeptide amide of bovine angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure by vasoconstriction.

Angiotensin I [M0001201]
The decapeptide precursor of ANGIOTENSIN II, generated by the action of renin on angiotensinogen. It has limited pharmacologic activity.

Angiotensin II [M0001202]
The active form of angiotensin. An octapeptide found in blood, it is synthesized from ANGIOTENSIN I and quickly destroyed. Angiotensin II causes profound vasoconstriction with a resulting increase in blood pressure. It differs among species by the amino acid in position 5. The human form has ISOLEUCINE in this position. The clinically and experimentally used bovine form has VALINE in position 5. Medically useful antagonism is obtained with ACE INHIBITORS or with ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS.

Angiotensin II, Ile(5)- [M0055996]

Angiotensin II, Val(5)- [M0001205]

Angiotensin III [M0001206]
A heptapeptide formed by the enzymatic hydrolysis of ANGIOTENSIN II. It has greater activity than angiotensin II for stimulating aldosterone synthesis and in the release of prostaglandins but only 20% of the pressor activity.

Angiotensinogen [M0001208]
An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.

Angiotensins [M0001210]
Oligopeptides ranging in size from angiotensin precursors with 14 amino acids to the active vasoconstrictor angiotensin II with 8 amino acids, or their analogs or derivatives. The amino acid content varies with the species and changes in that content produce antagonistic or inactive compounds.

Aniline Hydroxylase [M0001216]
A drug-metabolizing, cytochrome P-450 enzyme which catalyzes the hydroxylation of aniline to hydroxyaniline in the presence of reduced flavoprotein and molecular oxygen. EC 1.14.14.-.

Animal Lectins [M0412209]

Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte [M0002166]
A ubiquitous membrane transport protein found in the plasma membrane of diverse cell types and tissues, and in nuclear, mitochondrial, and Golgi membranes. It is the major integral transmembrane protein of the erythrocyte plasma membrane, comprising 25% of the total membrane protein. It exists as a dimer and performs the important function of allowing the efficient transport of bicarbonate across erythrocyte cell membranes in exchange for chloride ion.

Anion Exchange Proteins [M0027076]

Anion Pumps [M0025339]

Anion Transport Proteins [M0076807]
Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of negatively charged molecules (anions) across a biological membrane.

Anion Transport Proteins (Hepatocyte Plasma Membrane) [M0076797]

Anistreplase [M0024829]
An acylated inactive complex of streptokinase and human lysine-plasminogen. After injection, the acyl group is slowly hydrolyzed, producing an activator that converts plasminogen to plasmin, thereby initiating fibrinolysis. Its half-life is about 90 minutes compared to 5 minutes for TPA; (TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR); 16 minutes for URINARY PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR and 23 minutes for STREPTOKINASE. If treatment is initiated within 3 hours of onset of symptoms for acute myocardial infarction, the drug preserves myocardial tissue and left ventricular function and increases coronary artery patency. Bleeding complications are similar to other thrombolytic agents.

Ankyrins [M0026529]
A family of membrane-associated proteins responsible for the attachment of the cytoskeleton. Erythrocyte-related isoforms of ankyrin attach the SPECTRIN cytoskeleton to a transmembrane protein (ANION EXCHANGE PROTEIN 1, ERYTHROCYTE) in the erythrocyte plasma membrane. Brain-related isoforms of ankyrin also exist.

Annexin A1 [M0026275]
Protein of the annexin family exhibiting lipid interaction and steroid-inducibility.

Annexin A11 [M0026272]

Annexin A2 [M0026276]
A member of the annexin family that is a substrate for a tyrosine kinase, ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(V-SRC). Annexin A2 occurs as a 36-KDa monomer and in a 90-KDa complex containing two subunits of annexin A2 and two subunits of S100 FAMILY PROTEIN P11. The monomeric form of annexin A2 was formerly referred to as calpactin I heavy chain.

Annexin A2, P90 Complex [M0459687]
A 90-KD complex containing two subunits of Annexin A2 and two subunits of S100 FAMILY PROTEIN P11.

Annexin A3 [M0026298]
A protein of the annexin family that catalyzes the conversion of 1-D-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate and water to 1-D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate.

Annexin A4 [M0026293]
Protein of the annexin family originally isolated from the electric organ of the electric ray Torpedo marmorata. It has been found in a wide range of mammalian tissue where it is localized to the apical membrane of polarized EPITHELIAL CELLS.

Annexin A5 [M0026274]
A protein of the annexin family isolated from human PLACENTA and other tissues. It inhibits cytosolic PHOSPHOLIPASE A2, and displays anticoagulant activity.

Annexin A6 [M0026297]
Protein of the annexin family with a probable role in exocytotic and endocytotic membrane events.

Annexin A7 [M0026283]
An annexin family member that plays a role in MEMBRANE FUSION and signaling via VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT CALCIUM CHANNELS.

Annexin A8 [M0026273]

Annexin B10 [M0026271]

Annexin B9 [M0026270]

Annexins [M0026268]
Family of calcium- and phospholipid-binding proteins which are structurally related and exhibit immunological cross-reactivity. Each member contains four homologous 70-kDa repeats. The annexins are differentially distributed in vertebrate tissues (and lower eukaryotes) and appear to be involved in MEMBRANE FUSION and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

Anserine [M0001286]

Antenna Polypeptide, Bacterial [M0200877]

Antennapedia Homeodomain Protein [M0178796]
Antennapedia homeodomain protein is a homeobox protein involved in limb patterning in ARTHROPODS. Mutations in the gene for the antennapedia homeodomain protein are associated with the conversion of antenna to leg or leg to antenna DROSOPHILA.

Anthranilate Phosphoribosyltransferase [M0001310]
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of N-5'-phosphoribosylanthranilic acid from anthranilate and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate, the first step in tryptophan synthesis in E. coli. It exists in a complex with ANTHRANILATE SYNTHASE in bacteria. EC 2.4.2.18.

Anthranilate Synthase [M0001311]
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of anthranilate (o-aminobenzoate) and pyruvic acid from chorismate and glutamine. Anthranilate is the biosynthetic precursor of tryptophan and numerous secondary metabolites, including inducible plant defense compounds. EC 4.1.3.27.

Anthranilate Synthase Component I [M0001312]

Anthrogon [M0329002]

Antibiotic 899 [M0372896]

Antibodies, Anti-DNA [M0001489]

Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic [M0001324]
Antibodies which react with the individual structural determinants (idiotopes) on the variable region of other antibodies.

Antibodies, Anticardiolipin [M0026053]
Antiphospholipid antibodies found in association with systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC;), ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; and in a variety of other diseases as well as in healthy individuals. The antibodies are detected by solid-phase IMMUNOASSAY employing the purified phospholipid antigen CARDIOLIPIN.

Antibodies, Antinuclear [M0001488]
Autoantibodies directed against various nuclear antigens including DNA, RNA, histones, acidic nuclear proteins, or complexes of these molecular elements. Antinuclear antibodies are found in systemic autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, and mixed connective tissue disease.

Antibodies, Antiphospholipid [M0026052]
Autoantibodies directed against phospholipids. These antibodies are characteristically found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC;), ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; related autoimmune diseases, some non-autoimmune diseases, and also in healthy individuals.

Antibodies, Bacterial [M0001353]
Immunoglobulins induced by substances elaborated by BACTERIA that have an antigenic activity.

Antibodies, Bispecific [M0027219]
Antibodies, often monoclonal, in which the two antigen-binding sites are specific for separate ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS. They are artificial antibodies produced by chemical crosslinking, fusion of HYBRIDOMA cells, or by molecular genetic techniques. They function as the main mediators of targeted cellular cytotoxicity and have been shown to be efficient in the targeting of drugs, toxins, radiolabeled haptens, and effector cells to diseased tissue, primarily tumors.

Antibodies, Catalytic [M0026051]
Antibodies that can catalyze a wide variety of chemical reactions. They are characterized by high substrate specificity and share many mechanistic features with enzymes.

Antibodies, Fungal [M0001354]
Immunoglobulins induced by substances elaborated by FUNGI that have an antigenic activity.

Antibodies, Heterophile [M0001356]
Antibodies elicited in a different species from which the antigen originated. These antibodies are directed against a wide variety of interspecies-specific antigens, the best known of which are Forssman, Hanganutziu-Deicher (H-D), and Paul-Bunnell (P-B). Incidence of antibodies to these antigens--i.e., the phenomenon of heterophile antibody response--is useful in the serodiagnosis, pathogenesis, and prognosis of infection and latent infectious states as well as in cancer classification.

Antibodies, Phospho-Specific [M0447309]
Antibodies directed against immunogen-coupled phosphorylated PEPTIDES corresponding to amino acids surrounding the PHOSPHORYLATION site. They are used to study proteins involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathways. (From Methods Mol Biol 2000; 99:177-89)

Antibodies, Viral [M0001361]
Immunoglobulins produced as a response to VIRAL ANTIGENS; includes all classes of immunoglobulins elicited by all viral components.

Antibody Fragments [M0481967]

Antifreeze Glycoproteins [M0068036]

Antifreeze Proteins [M0068035]
Proteins that bind to ice and modify the growth of ice crystals. They perform a cryoprotective role in a variety of organisms.

Antifreeze Proteins, Type I [M0352463]
A subclass of ANTIFREEZE PROTEINS that are 3-5 kDa in size and contain a single alanine-rich amphipathic alpha-helix.

Antifreeze Proteins, Type II [M0352464]
A subclass of ANTIFREEZE PROTEINS that have a cystine-rich globular structure of approximately 14 kD.

Antifreeze Proteins, Type III [M0352481]
A subclass of ANTIFREEZE PROTEINS that are globular, 6.5 kDa in size and contain compact beta-sheet structures.

Antifreeze Proteins, Type IV [M0068034]
A subclass of ANTIFREEZE PROTEINS that contain four amphipathic alpha-helices folded into an antiparallel helix bundle.

Antigen T Cell Receptor, beta Chain [M0025430]

Antigen T Cell Receptor, gamma Chain [M0025427]

Antigen, B7 [M0483212]

Antigen-Antibody Complex [M0001400]
The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.

Antigens, CD1 [M0028319]
Glycoproteins expressed on cortical thymocytes and on some dendritic cells and B-cells. Their structure is similar to that of MHC Class I and their function has been postulated as similar also. CD1 antigens are highly specific markers for human LANGERHANS CELLS.

Antigens, CD11 [M0028198]
A group of three different alpha chains (CD11a, CD11b, CD11c) that are associated with an invariant CD18 beta chain (ANTIGENS, CD18). The three resulting leukocyte-adhesion molecules (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION) are LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1; MACROPHAGE-1 ANTIGEN; and ANTIGEN, P150,95.

Antigens, CD11a [M0024682]
An alpha-integrin subunit found on lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages and monocytes. It combines with the integrin beta2 subunit (CD18 ANTIGEN) to form LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1.

Antigens, CD11b [M0419189]
A CD antigen that contains a conserved I domain which is involved in ligand binding. When combined with CD18 the two subunits form MACROPHAGE-1 ANTIGEN.

Antigens, CD11c [M0024680]
An integrin alpha subunit of approximately 150-kDa molecular weight. It is expressed at high levels on monocytes and combines with CD18 ANTIGEN to form the cell surface receptor INTEGRIN ALPHAXBETA2. The subunit contains a conserved I-domain which is characteristic of several of alpha integrins.

Antigens, CD13 [M0028180]
Zinc-binding metalloproteases that are members of the type II integral membrane metalloproteases. They are expressed by GRANULOCYTES; MONOCYTES; and their precursors as well as by various non-hematopoietic cells. They release an N-terminal amino acid from a peptide, amide or arylamide.

Antigens, CD137 [M0214853]
A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily that is specific for 4-1BB LIGAND. It is found in a variety of immune cell types including activated T-LYMPHOCYTES; NATURAL KILLER CELLS; and DENDRITIC CELLS. Activation of the receptor on T-LYMPHOCYTES plays a role in their expansion, production of cytokines and survival. Signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.

Antigens, CD14 [M0028320]
Glycolipid-anchored membrane glycoproteins expressed on cells of the myelomonocyte lineage including monocytes, macrophages, and some granulocytes. They function as receptors for the complex of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS-binding protein.

Antigens, CD146 [M0172205]
A cell adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is expressed in ENDOTHELIAL CELLS and is involved in INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS.

Antigens, CD147 [M0177703]
A widely distributed cell surface transmembrane glycoprotein that stimulates the synthesis of MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES. It is found at high levels on the surface of malignant NEOPLASMS and may play a role as a mediator of malignant cell behavior.

Antigens, CD15 [M0024834]
Carbohydrate antigen which is accumulated in various human cancer tissues and secreted into the blood stream. The carbohydrate moiety can be further modified with fucose or sialic acid. Monoclonal antibodies have been determined which can discriminate each subgroup of this antigen in the sera of cancer patients. Sialyl SSEA-1 antigen is particularly elevated in the sera of patients with a variety of tumors.

Antigens, CD16 [M0026479]

Antigens, CD164 [M0482205]
A sialomucin protein that functions as a cell adhesion molecule. It is a negative regulator of certain types of HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS.

Antigens, CD18 [M0028177]
Cell-surface glycoprotein beta-chains that are non-covalently linked to specific alpha-chains of the CD11 family of leukocyte-adhesion molecules (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION). A defect in the gene encoding CD18 causes LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION DEFICIENCY SYNDROME.

Antigens, CD19 [M0028310]
Differentiation antigens expressed on B-lymphocytes and B-cell precursors. They are involved in regulation of B-cell proliferation.

Antigens, CD2 [M0028149]
Glycoprotein members of the immunoglobulin superfamily which participate in T-cell adhesion and activation. They are expressed on most peripheral T-lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and thymocytes, and function as co-receptors or accessory molecules in the T-cell receptor complex.

Antigens, CD20 [M0028321]
Unglycosylated phosphoproteins expressed only on B-cells. They are regulators of transmembrane Ca2+ conductance and thought to play a role in B-cell activation and proliferation.

Antigens, CD22 [M0153861]
A lectin and cell adhesion molecule found in B-LYMPHOCYTES. It interacts with SIALIC ACIDS and mediates signaling from B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS.

Antigens, CD24 [M0172384]
A cell adhesion protein that was originally identified as a heat stable antigen in mice. It is involved in METASTASIS and is highly expressed in many NEOPLASMS.

Antigens, CD26 [M0028176]
Cell-surface glycoproteins and serine protease, also known as dipeptidyl-peptidase IV, that play a role in T-lymphocyte activation. CD26 binds to adenosine deaminase on the T-cell surface. EC 3.4.14.5

Antigens, CD27 [M0027333]
A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily found on most T-LYMPHOCYTES. Activation of the receptor by CD70 ANTIGEN results in the increased proliferation of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES and CD8-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES. Signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.

Antigens, CD28 [M0027304]
T-cell differentiation antigens that serve as the receptors for the B7 antigen (ANTIGENS, CD80) which modulates T-cell lymphokine production.

Antigens, CD29 [M0028390]
Integrin beta-1 chains which are expressed as heterodimers that are noncovalently associated with specific alpha-chains of the CD49 family (CD49a-f). CD29 is expressed on resting and activated leukocytes and is a marker for all of the very late activation antigens on cells. (from: Barclay et al., The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook, 1993, p164)

Antigens, CD3 [M0026174]
Complex of at least five membrane-bound polypeptides in mature T-lymphocytes that are non-covalently associated with one another and with the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL). The CD3 complex includes the gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta chains (subunits). When antigen binds to the T-cell receptor, the CD3 complex transduces the activating signals to the cytoplasm of the T-cell. The CD3 gamma and delta chains (subunits) are separate from and not related to the gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA).

Antigens, CD30 [M0026795]
A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily that may play a role in the regulation of NF-KAPPA B and APOPTOSIS. They are found on activated T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; MAST CELLS and NK CELLS. Overexpression of CD30 antigen in hematopoietic malignancies make the antigen clinically useful as a biological tumor marker. Signaling of the receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.

Antigens, CD31 [M0028878]
Cell adhesion molecules present on virtually all monocytes, platelets, and granulocytes. CD31 is highly expressed on endothelial cells and concentrated at the junctions between them.

Antigens, CD34 [M0028322]
Glycoproteins found on immature hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells. They are the only molecules to date whose expression within the blood system is restricted to a small number of progenitor cells in the bone marrow.

Antigens, CD36 [M0028325]
Leukocyte differentiation antigens and major platelet membrane glycoproteins present on MONOCYTES; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; PLATELETS; and mammary EPITHELIAL CELLS. They play major roles in CELL ADHESION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; and regulation of angiogenesis. CD36 is a receptor for THROMBOSPONDINS and can act as a scavenger receptor that recognizes and transports oxidized LIPOPROTEINS and FATTY ACIDS.

Antigens, CD38 [M0160285]
A bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis and HYDROLYSIS of CYCLIC ADP-RIBOSE (cADPR) from NAD+ to ADP-RIBOSE. It is a cell surface molecule which is predominantly expressed on LYMPHOID CELLS and MYELOID CELLS.

Antigens, CD4 [M0024088]
55-kDa antigens found on HELPER-INDUCER T-LYMPHOCYTES and on a variety of other immune cell types. CD4 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX class II-restricted immune responses. On T-lymphocytes they define the helper/inducer subset. CD4 antigens also serve as INTERLEUKIN-15 receptors and bind to the HIV receptors, binding directly to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.

Antigens, CD40 [M0028391]
A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily with specificity for CD40 LIGAND. It is found on mature B-LYMPHOCYTES and some EPITHELIAL CELLS, lymphoid DENDRITIC CELLS. Evidence suggests that CD40-dependent activation of B-cells is important for generation of memory B-cells within the germinal centers. Mutations of the gene for CD40 antigen result in HYPER-IGM IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME, TYPE 3. Signaling of the receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.

Antigens, CD43 [M0123558]
A sialic acid-rich protein and an integral cell membrane mucin. It plays an important role in activation of T-LYMPHOCYTES.

Antigens, CD44 [M0028330]
Acidic sulfated integral membrane glycoproteins expressed in several alternatively spliced and variable glycosylated forms on a wide variety of cell types including mature T-cells, B-cells, medullary thymocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, erythrocytes, and fibroblasts. CD44 antigens are the principle cell surface receptors for hyaluronate and this interaction mediates binding of lymphocytes to high endothelial venules. (From Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p156)

Antigens, CD45 [M0026536]
High-molecular weight glycoproteins uniquely expressed on the surface of all leukocytes and their hemopoietic progenitors. The CD45 family consists of multiple members that are all products of a single gene. CD45 expression is necessary for signaling through the T-cell receptor.

Antigens, CD46 [M0148714]
A ubiquitously expressed complement receptor that binds COMPLEMENT C3B and COMPLEMENT C4B and serves as a cofactor for their inactivation. CD46 also interacts with a wide variety of pathogens and mediates immune response.

Antigens, CD47 [M0221607]
A ubiquitously expressed membrane glycoprotein. It interacts with a variety of INTEGRINS and mediates responses to EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS.

Antigens, CD5 [M0028326]
Glycoproteins expressed on all mature T-cells, thymocytes, and a subset of mature B-cells. Antibodies specific for CD5 can enhance T-cell receptor-mediated T-cell activation. The B-cell-specific molecule CD72 is a natural ligand for CD5. (From Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p156)

Antigens, CD55 [M0028328]
Glycoproteins broadly distributed among hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD55 prevents the assembly of C3 convertase or accelerates the disassembly of preformed convertase, thus blocking the formation of the membrane attack complex.

Antigens, CD56 [M0028376]
The 140 kDa isoform of NCAM (neural cell adhesion molecule) containing a transmembrane domain and short cytoplasmic tail. It is expressed by all lymphocytes mediating non-MHC restricted cytotoxicity and is present on some neural tissues and tumors.

Antigens, CD57 [M0028329]
Oligosaccharide antigenic determinants found principally on NK cells and T-cells. Their role in the immune response is poorly understood.

Antigens, CD58 [M0028339]
Glycoproteins with a wide distribution on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells and strongly expressed on macrophages. CD58 mediates cell adhesion by binding to CD2; (ANTIGENS, CD2); and this enhances antigen-specific T-cell activation.

Antigens, CD59 [M0028327]
Small glycoproteins found on both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD59 restricts the cytolytic activity of homologous complement by binding to C8 and C9 and blocking the assembly of the membrane attack complex. (From Barclay et al., The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook, 1993, p234)

Antigens, CD70 [M0216394]
A transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that specifically binds to CD27 ANTIGEN. It is found on activated T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; and DENDRITIC CELLS where it plays a role in stimulating the proliferation of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES and CD8-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES.

Antigens, CD79 [M0178020]
A component of the B-cell antigen receptor that is involved in B-cell antigen receptor heavy chain transport to the PLASMA MEMBRANE. It is expressed almost exclusively in B-LYMPHOCYTES and serves as a useful marker for B-cell NEOPLASMS.

Antigens, CD79a [M0482197]

Antigens, CD79b [M0187606]

Antigens, CD8 [M0025621]
Differentiation antigens found on thymocytes and on cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes. CD8 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are associative recognition elements in MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Class I-restricted interactions.

Antigens, CD80 [M0027327]
The natural ligand for the T-cell antigen CD28; (ANTIGENS, CD28); mediating T- and B-cell adhesion. CD80 is expressed on activated B-cells and gamma-interferon-stimulated monocytes. The binding of CD80 to CD28 and CTLA-4 provides a co-stimulatory signal to T-cells and leads to greatly upregulated lymphokine production.

Antigens, CD86 [M0223248]
A CD antigen that plays a role in T-lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin 2 production. It is a co-stimulatory ligand for the CD28 ANTIGEN on T-LYMPHOCYTES and initiates T-cell activation and immune response.

Antigens, CD94 [M0253282]
A C-type lectin that associates with NKG2 proteins to form receptors for HLA-E antigen on NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Antigens, CD95 [M0028392]
A tumor necrosis factor receptor subtype found in a variety of tissues and on activated LYMPHOCYTES. It has specificity for FAS LIGAND and plays a role in regulation of peripheral immune responses and APOPTOSIS. Multiple isoforms of the protein exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. The activated receptor signals via a conserved death domain that associates with specific TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS in the CYTOPLASM.

Antigens, CD98 [M0159086]
A heterodimeric protein that is a cell surface antigen associated with lymphocyte activation. The initial characterization of this protein revealed one identifiable heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) and an indeterminate smaller light chain. It is now known that a variety of light chain subunits (ANTIGENS, CD98 LIGHT CHAINS) can dimerize with the heavy chain. Depending upon its light chain composition a diverse array of functions can be found for this protein. Functions include: type L amino acid transport, type y+L amino acid transport and regulation of cellular fusion.

Antigens, CD98 Heavy Chain [M0379771]
A transmembrane glycoprotein subunit that can dimerize with a variety of light chain subunits (ANTIGENS, CD98 LIGHT CHAINS). This protein subunit serves a diverse array of functions including amino acid transport and cell fusion. Its function is altered depending which of the light chain subunits it interacts with.

Antigens, CD98 Light Chains [M0379850]
A family of light chains that bind to the CD98 heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) to form a heterodimer. They convey functional specificity to the protein.

Antigens, Dermatophagoides [M0419493]
Antigens from the house dust mites (DERMATOPHAGOIDES), mainly D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus. They are proteins, found in mite feces or mite extracts, that can cause ASTHMA and other allergic diseases such as perennial rhinitis (RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, PERENNIAL) and atopic dermatitis (DERMATITIS, ATOPIC). More than 11 groups of Dermatophagoides ALLERGENS have been defined. Group I allergens, such as Der f I and Der p I from the above two species, are among the strongest mite immunogens in humans.

Antigens, Dermatophagoides farinae [M0116078]

Antigens, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus [M0116080]

Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic [M0023376]
Surface antigens expressed on myeloid cells of the granulocyte-monocyte-histiocyte series during differentiation. Analysis of their reactivity in normal and malignant myelomonocytic cells is useful in identifying and classifying human leukemias and lymphomas.

Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte [M0001415]
Antigens expressed on the cell membrane of T-lymphocytes during differentiation, activation, and normal and neoplastic transformation. Their phenotypic characterization is important in differential diagnosis and studies of thymic ontogeny and T-cell function.

Antigens, Fos-Related [M0025544]

Antigens, Synthetic [M0022458]

Antigens, Thy-1 [M0028146]
A group of differentiation surface antigens, among the first to be discovered on thymocytes and T-lymphocytes. Originally identified in the mouse, they are also found in other species including humans, and are expressed on brain neurons and other cells.

Antilymphoblast Globulins [M0001460]

Antilymphocyte Antibodies [M0001461]

Antilymphocyte Globulin [M0001462]

Antilymphocyte Immunoglobulin [M0001463]

Antilymphocyte Serum [M0001464]
Serum containing GAMMA-GLOBULINS which are antibodies for lymphocyte ANTIGENS. It is used both as a test for HISTOCOMPATIBILITY and therapeutically in TRANSPLANTATION.

Antilysin [M0011907]

Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides [M0093656]
Small cationic peptides that are an important component, in most species, of early innate and induced defenses against invading microbes. In animals they are found on mucosal surfaces, within phagocytic granules, and on the surface of the body. They are also found in insects and plants. Among others, this group includes the DEFENSINS, protegrins, tachyplesins, and thionins.

Antimicrobial Peptides, Neutrophil [M0093647]

Antipain [M0001492]
An oligopeptide produced by various bacteria which acts as a protease inhibitor.

Antiplasmin [M0001495]
A member of the serpin superfamily found in human plasma that inhibits the lysis of fibrin clots which are induced by plasminogen activator. It is a glycoprotein, molecular weight approximately 70,000 that migrates in the alpha 2 region in immunoelectrophoresis. It is the principal plasmin inactivator in blood, rapidly forming a very stable complex with plasmin.

Antiporters [M0027075]
Membrane transporters that co-transport two or more dissimilar molecules in the opposite direction across a membrane. Usually the transport of one ion or molecule is against its electrochemical gradient and is "powered" by the movement of another ion or molecule with its electrochemical gradient.

Antithrombin III [M0001509]
A plasma alpha 2 glycoprotein that accounts for the major antithrombin activity of normal plasma and also inhibits several other enzymes; it was formerly called Antithrombin II (AT II) which has now been shown to be identical to AT III; ANTITHROMBIN III DEFICIENCY, hereditary or acquired, results in thromboembolism. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. Some authors use the term antithrombin to refer to antithrombin III.

Antithrombin III, Human Plasma [M0330782]

Antithrombin III-Alpha [M0434010]

Antithrombins [M0001510]
An endogenous family of proteins belonging to the serpin superfamily that neutralizes the action of thrombin. Six naturally occurring antithrombins have been identified and are designated by Roman numerals I to VI. Of these, Antithrombin I (see FIBRIN) and ANTITHROMBIN III appear to be of major importance.

Antithymoglobulin [M0001465]

Antril [M0148640]

ApaCI Endonuclease [M0023457]

Apamin [M0001564]
A highly neurotoxic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It consists of 18 amino acids with two disulfide bridges and causes hyperexcitability resulting in convulsions and respiratory paralysis.

APH(3')-IIb [M0029499]

APH(3')-IIIa [M0029497]

APHVII [M0029500]

Apo C-III-2 [M0073729]

Apo-Baclofen [M0454555]

Apo-Desmopressin [M0492527]

Apo-Methyldopa [M0474247]

ApoC-III [M0489164]

Apocytochrome b [M0071379]

Apocytochrome b5 [M0447731]

Apocytochrome b6 [M0193535]

Apocytochrome C [M0116739]

Apocytochrome f [M0147616]

Apoenzymes [M0001591]
The protein components of enzyme complexes (HOLOENZYMES). An apoenzyme is the holoenzyme minus any cofactors (ENZYME COFACTORS) or prosthetic groups required for the enzymatic function.

Apoferritins [M0001592]
The protein components of ferritins. Apoferritins are shell-like structures containing nanocavities and ferroxidase activities. Apoferritin shells are composed of 24 subunits, heteropolymers in vertebrates and homopolymers in bacteria. In vertebrates, there are two types of subunits, light chain and heavy chain. The heavy chain contains the ferroxidase activity.

Apolipoprotein A-I [M0025348]
The most abundant protein component of HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS or HDL. This protein serves as an acceptor for CHOLESTEROL released from cells thus promoting efflux of cholesterol to HDL then to the LIVER for excretion from the body (reverse cholesterol transport). It also acts as a cofactor for LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE that forms CHOLESTEROL ESTERS on the HDL particles. Mutations of this gene APOA1 cause HDL deficiency, such as in FAMILIAL ALPHA LIPOPROTEIN DEFICIENCY DISEASE and in some patients with TANGIER DISEASE.

Apolipoprotein A-I Isoprotein-2 [M0087282]

Apolipoprotein A-I Isoprotein-4 [M0087283]

Apolipoprotein A-I Isoproteins [M0087284]
Variants of apolipoprotein A-I. They include secreted propeptide form (isoprotein 2), the converted plasma form (isoprotein-4), and those with various substitutions or deletions.

Apolipoprotein A-II [M0025349]
The second most abundant protein component of HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS or HDL. It has a high lipid affinity and is known to displace APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I from HDL particles and generates a stable HDL complex. ApoA-II can modulate the activation of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE in the presence of APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I, thus affecting HDL metabolism.

Apolipoprotein A-II Isoproteins [M0492280]

Apolipoprotein B-100 [M0114886]
A 513-kDa protein synthesized in the LIVER. It serves as the major structural protein of low-density lipoproteins (LIPOPROTEINS, LDL; LIPOPROTEINS, VLDL). It is the ligand for the LDL receptor (RECEPTORS, LDL) that promotes cellular binding and internalization of LDL particles.

Apolipoprotein B-48 [M0114883]
A 241-kDa protein synthesized only in the INTESTINES. It serves as a structural protein of CHYLOMICRONS. Its exclusive association with chylomicron particles provides an indicator of intestinally derived lipoproteins in circulation. Apo B-48 is a shortened form of apo B-100 and lacks the LDL-receptor region.

Apolipoprotein C-I [M0073728]
A 6.6-kDa protein component of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; and HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. Apo C-I displaces APO E from lipoproteins, modulate their binding to receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL), and thereby decrease their clearance from plasma. Elevated Apo C-I levels are associated with HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA and ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

Apolipoprotein C-I Precursor [M0123384]

Apolipoprotein C-II [M0066119]
A 9-kDa protein component of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. It contains a cofactor for LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE and activates several triacylglycerol lipases. The association of Apo C-II with plasma CHYLOMICRONS; VLDL, and HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS is reversible and changes rapidly as a function of triglyceride metabolism. Clinically, Apo C-II deficiency is similar to lipoprotein lipase deficiency (HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE I) and is therefore called hyperlipoproteinemia type IB.

Apolipoprotein C-III [M0073736]
A 9-kDa protein component of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS and CHYLOMICRON REMNANTS. Apo C-III, synthesized in the liver, is an inhibitor of LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE. Apo C-III modulates the binding of chylomicron remnants and VLDL to receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) thus decreases the uptake of triglyceride-rich particles by the liver cells and subsequent degradation. The normal Apo C-III is glycosylated. There are several polymorphic forms with varying amounts of SIALIC ACID (Apo C-III-0, Apo C-III-1, and Apo C-III-2).

Apolipoprotein C-III-0 [M0073731]

Apolipoprotein C-III-1 [M0073732]

Apolipoprotein E Isoproteins [M0114996]

Apolipoprotein E2 [M0119983]
One of three major isoforms of apolipoprotein E. In humans, Apo E2 differs from APOLIPOPROTEIN E3 at one residue 158 where arginine is replaced by cysteine (R158--C). In contrast to Apo E3, Apo E2 displays extremely low binding affinity for LDL receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) which mediate the internalization and catabolism of lipoprotein particles in liver cells. ApoE2 allelic homozygosity is associated with HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE III.

Apolipoprotein E3 [M0091671]
A 34-kDa glycosylated protein. A major and most common isoform of apolipoprotein E. Therefore, it is also known as apolipoprotein E (ApoE). In human, Apo E3 is a 299-amino acid protein with a cysteine at the 112 and an arginine at the 158 position. It is involved with the transport of TRIGLYCERIDES; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; CHOLESTEROL; and CHOLESTERYL ESTERS in and out of the cells.

Apolipoprotein E4 [M0108562]
A major and the second most common isoform of apolipoprotein E. In humans, Apo E4 differs from APOLIPOPROTEIN E3 at only one residue 112 (cysteine is replaced by arginine), and exhibits a lower resistance to denaturation and greater propensity to form folded intermediates. Apo E4 is a risk factor for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.

Apolipoproteins [M0001593]
Protein components on the surface of LIPOPROTEINS. They form a layer surrounding the hydrophobic lipid core. There are several classes of apolipoproteins with each playing a different role in lipid transport and LIPID METABOLISM. These proteins are synthesized mainly in the LIVER and the INTESTINES.

Apolipoproteins A [M0001594]
Structural proteins of the alpha-lipoproteins (HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS), including APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I and APOLIPOPROTEIN A-II. They can modulate the activity of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE. These apolipoproteins are low in atherosclerotic patients. They are either absent or present in extremely low plasma concentration in TANGIER DISEASE.

Apolipoproteins B [M0001596]
Major structural proteins of triacylglycerol-rich LIPOPROTEINS. There are two forms, apolipoprotein B-100 and apolipoprotein B-48, both derived from a single gene. ApoB-100 expressed in the liver is found in low-density lipoproteins (LIPOPROTEINS, LDL; LIPOPROTEINS, VLDL). ApoB-48 expressed in the intestine is found in CHYLOMICRONS. They are important in the biosynthesis, transport, and metabolism of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins. Plasma Apo-B levels are high in atherosclerotic patients but non-detectable in ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA.

Apolipoproteins C [M0001599]
A group of apolipoproteins that can readily exchange among the various classes of lipoproteins (HDL; VLDL; CHYLOMICRONS). After lipolysis of TRIGLYCERIDES on VLDL and chylomicrons, Apo-C proteins are normally transferred to HDL. The subtypes can modulate remnant binding to receptors, LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE, or LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE.

Apolipoproteins D [M0082573]
A glycoprotein component of HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN that transports small hydrophobic ligands including CHOLESTEROL and STEROLS. It occurs in the macromolecular complex with LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE. Apo D is expressed in and secreted from a variety of tissues such as liver, placenta, brain tissue and others.

Apolipoproteins E [M0001601]
A class of protein components which can be found in several lipoproteins including HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; and CHYLOMICRONS. Synthesized in most organs, Apo E is important in the global transport of lipids and cholesterol throughout the body. Apo E is also a ligand for LDL receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) that mediates the binding, internalization, and catabolism of lipoprotein particles in cells. There are several allelic isoforms (such as E2, E3, and E4). Deficiency or defects in Apo E are causes of HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE III.

Apoprotein(a) [M0001595]
A large and highly glycosylated protein constituent of LIPOPROTEIN (A). It has very little affinity for lipids but forms disulfide-linkage to APOLIPOPROTEIN B100. Apoprotein(a) has SERINE PROTEINASE activity and can be of varying sizes from 400- to 800-kDa. It is homologous to PLASMINOGEN and is known to modulate THROMBOSIS and FIBRINOLYSIS.

Apoproteins [M0001605]
The protein components of a number of complexes, such as enzymes (APOENZYMES), ferritin (APOFERRITINS), or lipoproteins (APOLIPOPROTEINS).

Apoproteins B [M0001598]

Apoproteins C [M0001600]

Apoproteins E [M0001602]

Apoptosis Inducing Factor [M0301106]
A flavoprotein that functions as a powerful antioxidant in the MITOCHONDRIA and promotes APOPTOSIS when released from the mitochondria. In mammalian cells AIF is released in response to pro-apoptotic protein members of the bcl-2 protein family. It translocates to the CELL NUCLEUS and binds DNA to stimulate CASPASE-independent CHROMATIN condensation.

Apoptosis Inducing Proteins [M0480020]

Apoptosis Inhibiting Proteins [M0480019]

Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins [M0478975]
A large group of proteins that control APOPTOSIS. This family of proteins includes many ONCOGENE PROTEINS as well as a wide variety of classes of INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS such as CASPASES.

Apoptosis, Extrinsic Pathway [M0493496]
Apoptosis that is triggered via CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS such as TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTORS and DEATH DOMAIN RECEPTORS.

Apoptosis, Intrinsic Pathway [M0493497]
Apoptosis that is triggered via cell stress and mitochondrial damage.

Apoptosomes [M0493498]
Multimeric protein complexes formed in the CYTOSOL that play a role in the activation of APOPTOSIS. They can occur when MITOCHONDRIA become damaged due to cell stress and release CYTOCHROME C. Cytosolic cytochrome C associates with APOPTOTIC PROTEASE-ACTIVATING FACTOR 1 to form the apoptosomal protein complex. The apoptosome signals apoptosis by binding to and activating specific INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 9.

Apoptotic Protease-Activating Factor 1 [M0279898]
A CARD signaling adaptor protein that plays a role in the mitochondria-stimulated apoptosis (APOPTOSIS, INTRINSIC PATHWAY). It binds to CYTOCHROME C in the CYTOSOL to form an APOPTOSOMAL PROTEIN COMPLEX and activates INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 9.

Apotransketolase [M0021824]

AprA-Subtilisin [M0020686]

Aprotinin [M0011905]
A single-chain polypeptide derived from bovine tissues consisting of 58 amino-acid residues. It is an inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes including CHYMOTRYPSIN; KALLIKREIN; PLASMIN; and TRYPSIN. It is used in the treatment of HEMORRHAGE associated with raised plasma concentrations of plasmin. It is also used to reduce blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients at high risk of major blood loss during and following open heart surgery with EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCULATION. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995)

Aptamers, Peptide [M0483502]
Peptide sequences, generated by iterative rounds of SELEX APTAMER TECHNIQUE, that bind to a target molecule specifically and with high affinity.

Apyrase [M0001635]
A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.

Aquaglyceroporins [M0480377]
A subgroup of aquaporins that transport WATER; GLYCEROL; and other small solutes across CELL MEMBRANES.

Aquaporin 1 [M0195494]
Aquaporin 1 forms a water-specific channel that is constitutively expressed at the PLASMA MEMBRANE of ERYTHROCYTES and KIDNEY TUBULES, PROXIMAL. It provides these cells with a high permeability to WATER. In humans polymorphisms of this protein result in the Colton blood group antigen.

Aquaporin 2 [M0213077]
Aquaporin 2 is a water-specific channel protein that is expressed in KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS. The translocation of aquaporin 2 to the apical PLASMA MEMBRANE is regulated by VASOPRESSIN, and MUTATIONS in AQP2 have been implicated in a variety of kidney disorders including DIABETES INSIPIDUS.

Aquaporin 3 [M0233100]
Aquaporin 3 is an aquaglyceroporin that is expressed in the KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS and is constitutively localized at the basolateral MEMBRANE.

Aquaporin 4 [M0241190]
Aquaporin 4 is the major water-selective channel in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM of mammals.

Aquaporin 5 [M0259619]
Aquaporin 5 is a water-specific channel protein that is expressed primarily in alveolar, tracheal, and upper bronchial EPITHELIUM. It plays an important role in maintaining water HOMEOSTASIS in the LUNGS and may also regulate release of SALIVA and TEARS in the SALIVARY GLANDS and the LACRIMAL GLAND.

Aquaporin 6 [M0213073]
Aquaporin 6 is an aquaglyceroporin that is found primarily in KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS. AQP6 protein functions as an anion-selective channel.

Aquaporins [M0029981]
A class of porins that allow the passage of WATER and other small molecules across CELL MEMBRANES.

Arabidopsis Proteins [M0385133]
Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.

Arabidopsis thaliana Proteins [M0385134]

AraC Transcription Factor [M0087638]
A transcription factor found in BACTERIA that positively and negatively regulates the expression of proteins required for the uptake and catabolism of L-ARABINOSE.

Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase [M0001646]
An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 12-hydroperoxyarachidonate (12-HPETE) which is itself rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (12-HETE). The 12-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in platelets. EC 1.13.11.31.

Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase [M0001647]
An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. EC 1.13.11.33.

Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase [M0001648]
An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 5-hydroperoxyarachidonate (5-HPETE) which is rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoate (5-HETE). The 5-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in leukocytes. EC 1.13.11.34.

Arachidonate Lipoxygenases [M0001645]
Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates (HPETES). These products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETES). The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- .

Arachidonoyl-Diacylglycerol Kinase [M0029464]

Archaeal Proteins [M0029453]
Proteins found in any species of archaeon.

Archaeal Rhodopsins [M0375053]

Ardeydorm [M0477040]

Arginase [M0001679]
A ureahydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of arginine or canavanine to yield L-ornithine (ORNITHINE) and urea. Deficiency of this enzyme causes HYPERARGININEMIA. EC 3.5.3.1.

Arginase A1 [M0001680]

Arginase A4 [M0001681]

Arginine [M0001683]
An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

Arginine Kinase [M0001686]
An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of the guanidine nitrogen of arginine in the presence of ATP and a divalent cation with formation of phosphorylarginine and ADP. EC 2.7.3.3.

Arginine Vasopressin [M0001691]
The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked CYSTEINES at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.

Arginine-tRNA Ligase [M0001690]
An enzyme that activates arginine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.19.

Argininosuccinate Lyase [M0001687]
An enzyme of the urea cycle which splits argininosuccinate to fumarate plus arginine. Its absence leads to the metabolic disease argininosuccinic acidemia in man. EC 4.3.2.1.

Argininosuccinate Synthase [M0001688]
An enzyme of the urea cycle that catalyzes the formation of argininosuccinic acid from citrulline and aspartic acid in the presence of ATP. Absence or deficiency of this enzyme causes the metabolic disease CITRULLINEMIA in humans. EC 6.3.4.5.

Argininosuccinic Acid [M0001689]
This amino acid is formed during the urea cycle from citrulline, aspartate and ATP. This reaction is catalyzed by argininosuccinic acid synthetase.

Argipressin Tannate [M0001692]

Armadillo Domain Proteins [M0165209]
A family of proteins that contain several 42-amino acid repeat domains and are homologous to the Drosophila armadillo protein. They bind to other proteins through their armadillo domains and play a variety of roles in the CELL including SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION, regulation of DESMOSOME assembly, and CELL ADHESION.

Aromatase [M0001707]
An enzyme that catalyzes the desaturation (aromatization) of the ring A of C19 androgens and converts them to C18 estrogens. In this process, the 19-methyl is removed. This enzyme is membrane-bound, located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogen-producing cells of ovaries, placenta, testes, adipose, and brain tissues. Aromatase is encoded by the CYP19 gene, and functions in complex with NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE in the cytochrome P-450 system.

Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases [M0001711]
An enzyme group with broad specificity. The enzymes decarboxylate a range of aromatic amino acids including dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA DECARBOXYLASE), tryptophan, and hydroxytryptophan. EC 4.1.1.28.

Arrestin [M0028858]
A 48-Kd protein of the outer segment of the retinal rods and a component of the phototransduction cascade. Arrestin quenches G-protein activation by binding to phosphorylated photolyzed rhodopsin. Arrestin causes experimental autoimmune uveitis when injected into laboratory animals.

Arrestins [M0028856]
Regulatory proteins that down-regulate phosphorylated G-protein membrane receptors, including rod and cone photoreceptors and adrenergic receptors.

Arsenate Reductase (Azurin) [M0493906]
A arsenate reductase that can use azurin as a donor-acceptor. It can use a c-type cytochrome or O(2) as donor-acceptor.

Arsenate Reductase (Donor) [M0493907]
An EC classified subtype with unspecified electron acceptor-donor. Reduced glutaredoxin cannot serve as a reductant for this enzyme. Formerly classified as EC 1.97.1.6

Arsenate Reductase (Glutaredoxin) [M0493905]

Arsenate Reductases [M0461594]
Oxidoreductases that specifically reduce arsenate ion to arsenite ion. Reduction of arsenate is a critical step for its biotransformation into a form that can be transported by ARSENITE TRANSPORTING ATPASES or complexed by specific sulfhydryl-containing proteins for the purpose of detoxification (METABOLIC DETOXIFICATION, DRUG).

Arsenite Transporting ATPases [M0172296]
Efflux pumps that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to pump arsenite across a membrane. They are primarily found in prokaryotic organisms, where they play a role in protection against excess intracellular levels of arsenite ions.

Arvin [M0001094]

Arvin IRC-50 [M0001093]

Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases [M0001774]
A large group of cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) monooxygenases that complex with NAD(P)H-FLAVIN OXIDOREDUCTASE in numerous mixed-function oxidations of aromatic compounds. They catalyze hydroxylation of a broad spectrum of substrates and are important in the metabolism of steroids, drugs, and toxins such as PHENOBARBITAL, carcinogens, and insecticides.

Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator [M0188295]
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator is a basic HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIF containing protein that forms a complex with DIOXIN RECEPTOR. The complex binds xenobiotic regulatory elements and activates transcription of a variety of genes including UDP GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE. AhR nuclear translocator is also a subunit of HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1.

Arylalkylamine N-Acetyltransferase [M0144812]
An acetyltransferase with specificity towards the amine group of aromatic alkylamines (arylalkylamines) such as SEROTONIN. This enzyme is also referred to as serotonin acetylase despite the fact that serotonin acetylation can also occur through the action of broad specificity acetyltransferases such as ARYLAMINE N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE.

Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase [M0001776]
An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of acetyl groups from ACETYL-COA to arylamines. It can also catalyze acetyl transfer between arylamines without COENZYME A and has a wide specificity for aromatic amines, including SEROTONIN. However, arylamine N-acetyltransferase should not be confused with the enzyme ARYLALKYLAMINE N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE which is also referred to as SEROTONIN ACETYLTRANSFERASE.

Aryldialkylphosphatase [M0080022]
An enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of an aryl-dialkyl phosphate to form dialkyl phosphate and an aryl alcohol. It can hydrolyze a broad spectrum of organophosphate substrates and a number of aromatic carboxylic acid esters. It may also mediate an enzymatic protection of LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS against oxidative modification and the consequent series of events leading to ATHEROMA formation. The enzyme was previously regarded to be identical with Arylesterase (EC 3.1.1.2).

Arylformamidase [M0008755]
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of N-formyl-L-kynurenine and water to formate and L-kynurenine. It also acts on other aromatic formylamines. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.5.1.9.

Arylsulfatase B1 [M0029763]

Arylsulfatase B2 [M0029764]

Arylsulfatases [M0001780]
Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phenol sulfate to yield a phenol and sulfate. Arylsulfatase A, B, and C have been separated. A deficiency of arylsulfatases is one of the causes of metachromatic leukodystrophy (LEUKODYSTROPHY, METACHROMATIC). EC 3.1.6.1.

Arylsulfotransferase [M0023420]
A sulfotransferase that catalyzes the sulfation of a phenol in the presence of 3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate as sulfate donor to yield an aryl sulfate and adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate. A number of aromatic compounds can act as acceptors; however, organic hydroxylamines are not substrates. Sulfate conjugation by this enzyme is a major pathway for the biotransformation of phenolic and catechol drugs as well as neurotransmitters. EC 2.8.2.1.

Aryltransferases [M0029523]

Asacol [M0029389]

Asacolon [M0474818]

Ascolitin [M0474817]

Ascorbate Oxidase [M0001796]
An enzyme that converts ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid. EC 1.10.3.3.

Asialoglycoprotein Receptor [M0085799]
A C-type lectin that is a cell surface receptor for ASIALOGLYCOPROTEINS. It is found primarily in the LIVER where it mediates the endocytosis of serum glycoproteins.

Asialoglycoproteins [M0001810]
Endogenous glycoproteins from which SIALIC ACID has been removed by the action of sialidases. They bind tightly to the ASIALOGLYCOPROTEIN RECEPTOR which is located on hepatocyte plasma membranes. After internalization by adsorptive ENDOCYTOSIS they are delivered to LYSOSOMES for degradation. Therefore receptor-mediated clearance of asialoglycoproteins is an important aspect of the turnover of plasma glycoproteins. They are elevated in serum of patients with HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS or HEPATITIS.

Asparaginase [M0001815]
A hydrolase enzyme that converts L-asparagine and water to L-aspartate and NH3. EC 3.5.1.1.

Asparaginase medac [M0434509]

Asparagine [M0001818]
A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)

Asparagine Synthetase B [M0001820]

Aspartame [M0001821]
Flavoring agent sweeter than sugar, metabolized as PHENYLALANINE and ASPARTIC ACID.

Aspartate [M0001841]

Aspartate Aminotransferase, Cytoplasmic [M0370471]
An aspartate aminotransferase found in the CYTOPLASM.

Aspartate Aminotransferase, Mitochondrial [M0370470]
An aspartate aminotransferase found in MITOCHONDRIA.

Aspartate Aminotransferases [M0001823]
Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of L-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. EC 2.6.1.1.

Aspartate Ammonia-Lyase [M0001826]
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of aspartic acid to ammonia and fumaric acid in plants and some microorganisms. EC 4.3.1.1.

Aspartate Carbamoyltransferase [M0001827]
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of carbamoyl phosphate and L-aspartate to yield orthophosphate and N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.1.3.2.

Aspartate Kinase [M0001830]
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of beta-aspartyl phosphate from aspartic acid and ATP. Threonine serves as an allosteric regulator of this enzyme to control the biosynthetic pathway from aspartic acid to threonine. EC 2.7.2.4.

Aspartate Kinase I [M0001831]

Aspartate Kinase II [M0001832]

Aspartate Kinase III [M0001833]

Aspartate Magnesium Hydrochloride [M0001835]

Aspartate-Ammonia Ligase [M0001819]
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of asparagine from ammonia and aspartic acid, in the presence of ATP. EC 6.3.1.1.

Aspartate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase [M0001834]
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde, orthophosphate, and NADP+ to yield L-4-aspartyl phosphate and NADPH. EC 1.2.1.11.

Aspartate-tRNA Ligase [M0001848]
An enzyme that activates aspartic acid with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.12.

Aspartic Acid [M0001836]
One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

Aspartic Acid, Ammonium Salt [M0330809]

Aspartic Acid, Calcium Salt [M0330805]

Aspartic Acid, Dipotassium Salt [M0330803]

Aspartic Acid, Disodium Salt [M0330812]

Aspartic Acid, Hydrobromide [M0330807]

Aspartic Acid, Hydrochloride [M0330802]

Aspartic Acid, Magnesium (1:1) Salt, Hydrochloride, Trihydrate [M0330814]

Aspartic Acid, Magnesium (2:1) Salt [M0330804]

Aspartic Acid, Magnesium-Potassium (2:1:2) Salt [M0330796]

Aspartic Acid, Monopotassium Salt [M0330798]

Aspartic Acid, Monosodium Salt [M0330810]

Aspartic Acid, Potassium Salt [M0330800]

Aspartic Acid, Sodium Salt [M0330801]

Aspartic Endopeptidases [M0024885]
A sub-subclass of ENDOPEPTIDASES that depend on an ASPARTIC ACID residue for their activity. EC 3.4.23.

Aspartokinase Homoserine Dehydrogenase [M0001845]
An enzyme complex consisting of aspartokinase, EC 2.7.2.4, and homoserine dehydrogenase, EC 1.1.1.3. The complex has been isolated from E. coli and consists of four identical subunits with a molecular weight of 85,000. The enzyme complex is involved in the biosynthesis of amino acids of the aspartate family.

Aspartokinase I Homoserine Dehydrogenase I [M0001846]

Aspartokinase II Homoserine Dehydrogenase II [M0001847]

Aspartylglucosylaminase [M0001849]
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine and water to N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine and L-aspartate. It acts only on asparagine oligosaccharides containing one amino acid, i.e. the asparagine has free alpha-amino and alpha-carboxyl groups. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.5.1.26.

Aspergillus Nuclease S1 [M0024101]
An enzyme that catalyzes endonucleolytic cleavage to 5-phosphomononucleotides and 5-phosphooligonucleotide end-products. It has a preference for single-stranded substrates but is active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.1.30.1.

Astra 2045 [M0373883]

AT III [M0434011]

Atenativ [M0434012]

ATGAM [M0001466]

ATP Citrate (pro-S)-Lyase [M0001918]
An enzyme that, in the presence of ATP and COENZYME A, catalyzes the cleavage of citrate to yield acetyl CoA, oxaloacetate, ADP, and ORTHOPHOSPHATE. This reaction represents an important step in fatty acid biosynthesis. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.8.

ATP Phosphoribosyltransferase [M0001919]
An enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the pathway for histidine biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium. ATP reacts reversibly with 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate to yield N-1-(5'-phosphoribosyl)-ATP and pyrophosphate. EC 2.4.2.17.

ATP Synthetase Complexes [M0072576]
Multisubunit enzyme complexes that synthesize ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE from energy sources such as ions traveling through channels.

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters [M0027776]
A family of MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS that require ATP hydrolysis for the transport of substrates across membranes. The protein family derives its name from the ATP-binding domain found on the protein.

ATP-Dependent DNA Helicases [M0494239]

ATP-Dependent Endoprotease [M0095032]

ATP-Dependent Proteases [M0095033]
Proteases that contain proteolytic core domains and ATPase-containing regulatory domains. They are usually comprised of large multi-subunit assemblies. The domains can occur within a single peptide chain or on distinct subunits.

ATP-Mg(II)-Dependent Protein Phosphatase [M0016690]

Atrial Myosins [M0371732]
Myosin type II isoforms specifically found in the atrial muscle of the heart.

Atrial Natriuretic Factor [M0014517]
A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.

Atrial Natriuretic Factor Precursors [M0447922]
Polypeptides of about 150 amino acids that serve as precursors to prohormone of ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR, a 126-amino acid polypeptide or ANP (1-126).

Atrofen [M0454554]

Autocrine Motility Factor [M0025255]
A protein cytokine secreted by tumor cells. It elicits increases in cell motility and phosphoinositide metabolism in the secreting cell via a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein signal transduction pathway. It is closely related to PHOSPHOHEXOSE ISOMERASE; NEUROLEUKIN; and maturation factor.

Autolysin [M0014391]

Autoreceptors [M0026715]
Transmitter receptors on or near presynaptic terminals (or varicosities) which are sensitive to the transmitter(s) released by the terminal itself. Receptors for the hormones released by hormone-releasing cells are also included.

Auxilins [M0146891]
A family of proteins that play a role as cofactors in the process of CLATHRIN recycling in cells.

Avazyme [M0478342]

Avelizin [M0020583]

Avian Proteins [M0386063]
Proteins obtained from species of BIRDS.

Avicelase [M0445481]

Avicelase II [M0445559]

Avicon [M0369414]

Avidin [M0002040]
A specific protein in egg albumin that interacts with BIOTIN to render it unavailable to mammals, thereby producing biotin deficiency.

Avitene [M0369415]

Awelysin [M0020584]

Axon-Associated Adhesion Molecules [M0024225]

AY-25650 [M0337461]

Azaserine [M0002063]
Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.

Azetidinecarboxylic Acid [M0002071]
A proline analog that acts as a stoichiometric replacement of proline. It causes the production of abnormal proteins with impaired biological activity.

Azubronchin [M0445744]

Azurin [M0002095]
A bacterial protein from Pseudomonas, Bordetella, or Alcaligenes which operates as an electron transfer unit associated with the cytochrome chain. The protein has a molecular weight of approximately 16,000, contains a single copper atom, is intensively blue, and has a fluorescence emission band centered at 308nm.

B-Cell Activating Factor [M0305108]
A tumor necrosis factor superfamily member that plays a role in the regulation of B-LYMPHOCYTE survival. It occurs as a membrane-bound protein that is cleaved to release an biologically active soluble form with specificity to TRANSMEMBRANE ACTIVATOR AND CAML INTERACTOR PROTEIN; B-CELL ACTIVATION FACTOR RECEPTOR; and B-CELL MATURATION ANTIGEN.

B-Cell Activation Factor Receptor [M0492195]
A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily that specifically binds B-CELL ACTIVATING FACTOR. It is found on B-LYMPHOCYTES and plays a role in maturation and survival of B-cells. Signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.

B-Cell Leukemia 2 Family Proteins [M0480025]

B-Cell Maturation Antigen [M0492351]
A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily found on mature B-LYMPHOCYTES. It has specificity for B CELL ACTIVATING FACTOR and TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR LIGAND SUPERFAMILY MEMBER 13. Signaling of the receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.

B-Cell-Specific Activator Protein [M0200645]
A transcription factor that is essential for CELL DIFFERENTIATION of B-LYMPHOCYTES. It functions both as a transcriptional activator and repressor to mediate B-cell commitment.

B220 Antigens [M0026537]

Ba-34,647 [M0351459]

Baci-IM [M0454530]

Baciguent [M0454531]

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Serine Protease [M0020687]

Bacillus subtilis Alkaline Proteinase [M0020688]

Bacitin [M0454532]

Bacitracin [M0002112]
A complex of cyclic peptide antibiotics produced by the Tracy-I strain of Bacillus subtilis. The commercial preparation is a mixture of at least nine bacitracins with bacitracin A as the major constituent. It is used topically to treat open infections such as infected eczema and infected dermal ulcers. (From Goodman and Gilman, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1140)

Bacitracin Zinc Complex [M0330826]

Bacitracine Martinet [M0454533]

Baclofen [M0002117]
A GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID derivative that is a specific agonist at GABA-B receptors (RECEPTORS, GABA-B). It is used in the treatment of spasticity, especially that due to spinal cord damage. Its therapeutic effects result from actions at spinal and supraspinal sites, generally the reduction of excitatory transmission.

Baclofen AWD [M0454556]

Baclof�ne-Irex [M0454553]

Baclospas [M0454552]

Bacterial Capsules [M0025399]
An envelope of loose gel surrounding a bacterial cell which is associated with the virulence of pathogenic bacteria. Some capsules have a well-defined border, whereas others form a slime layer that trails off into the medium. Most capsules consist of relatively simple polysaccharides but there are some bacteria whose capsules are made of polypeptides.

Bacterial Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins [M0449188]

Bacterial Electron Transport Complex I [M0449186]

Bacterial Electron Transport Complex II [M0449190]

Bacterial Electron Transport Complex III [M0449354]

Bacterial Electron Transport Complex IV [M0449192]

Bacterial Elongation Factor Tu [M0016218]
RN should be EC 3.6.1.-

Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins [M0002127]
Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

Bacterial Proteins [M0002130]
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Bacterial Proton-Translocating ATPases [M0374012]
Membrane-bound proton-translocating ATPases that serve two important physiological functions in bacteria. One function is to generate ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE by utilizing the energy provided by an electrochemical gradient of protons across the cellular membrane. A second function is to counteract a loss of the transmembrane ion gradient by pumping protons at the expense of adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis.

Bacterial Rhodopsins [M0375173]
Although similar in name and structure to BACTERIORHODOPSINS from HALOBACTERIUM HALOBIUM, this is a distinct class of proteins found in certain species of PROTEOBACTERIA.

Bacterial Transferrin Receptor Complex [M0404226]
A complex of proteins that forms a receptor for TRANSFERRIN in BACTERIA. Many pathogenic bacteria utilize the transferrin-binding complex to acquire their supply of iron from serum.

Bacteriocins [M0002136]
Substances elaborated by specific strains of bacteria that are lethal against other strains of the same or related species. They are protein or lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes used in taxonomy studies of bacteria.

Bacteriophage T7 Gene 4 Protein [M0369436]

Bacteriorhodopsins [M0002142]
Rhodopsins found in the PURPLE MEMBRANE of halophilic archaea such as HALOBACTERIUM HALOBIUM. Bacteriorhodopsins function as an energy transducers, converting light energy into electrochemical energy via PROTON PUMPS.

BAE-PAI [M0024268]

Banded Hedgehog Protein [M0496703]

Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors [M0481794]
A family of transcription factors that contain regions rich in basic residues, LEUCINE ZIPPER domains, and HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIFS.

Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors [M0481850]
A family of DNA-binding transcription factors that contain a basic HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIF.

Basic Isoferritin [M0041686]

Basic Protein, Encephalitogenic [M0007365]

Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors [M0478896]
A large superfamily of transcription factors that contain a region rich in BASIC AMINO ACID residues followed by a LEUCINE ZIPPER domain.

Batroxobin [M0018820]
A proteolytic enzyme obtained from the venom of fer-de-lance (Bothrops atrox). It is used as a plasma clotting agent for fibrinogen and for the detection of fibrinogen degradation products. The presence of heparin does not interfere with the clotting test. Hemocoagulase is a mixture containing batroxobin and factor X activator. EC 3.4.21.-.

BB-10010 [M0028877]

bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein [M0245556]
A multi-domain mitochondrial membrane protein and member of the bcl-2 Protein family. Bak protein interacts with TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53 and promotes APOPTOSIS.

bcl-2-Associated X Protein [M0220651]
A member of the Bcl-2 protein family and homologous partner of C-BCL-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN. It regulates the release of CYTOCHROME C and APOPTOSIS INDUCING FACTOR from the MITOCHONDRIA. Several isoforms of BCL2-associated X protein occur due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of the mRNA for this protein.

bcl-Associated Death Protein [M0242303]
A pro-apoptotic protein and member of the Bcl-2 protein family that is regulated by PHOSPHORYLATION. Unphosphorylated Bad protein inhibits the activity of BCL-XL PROTEIN.

bcl-X Protein [M0220648]
A member of the bcl-2 protein family that plays a role in the regulation of APOPTOSIS. Two major isoforms of the protein exist due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of the BCL2L1 mRNA and are referred to as Bcl-XS and Bcl-XL.

bcl-Xalpha Protein [M0478996]

bcl-Xbeta Protein [M0480110]

bcl-XL Protein [M0220645]
Bcl-XL is an anti-apoptotic protein that is the long isoform of Bcl-X protein. Bcl-XL localizes to the outer mitochondrial membrane and is overexpressed in most human NEOPLASMS. It has also been implicated in ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE.

bcl-XS Protein [M0220646]
A pro-apoptotic protein that is the short isoform of Bcl-X protein. Bcl-XS lacks the BH1 and BH2 domains of BCL-XL PROTEIN and it inhibits the ANTI-APOPTOTIC PROTEINS of the bcl-2 protein family.

bcl2-Associated X Protein Isoform alpha [M0479012]

bcl2-Associated X Protein Isoform beta [M0480106]

bcl2-Associated X Protein Isoform delta [M0479011]

bcl2-Associated X Protein Isoform omega [M0410933]

bcl2-Associated X Protein Isoform sigma [M0479009]

Beano [M0387208]
t126

Bence Jones Protein [M0002304]
An abnormal protein with unusual thermosolubility characteristics that is found in the urine of patients with MULTIPLE MYELOMA.

Bence Jones Protein Den [M0002305]

Bence Jones Protein SUT [M0002306]

Benzaldehyde Dehydrogenase (NADP+) [M0072592]
An NADP+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of BENZALDEHYDE to BENZOIC ACID. It also plays a role in the degradation of TOLUENE and XYLENE.

Benzoate 4-Monooxygenase [M0072598]
An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of BENZOATE to 4-HYDROXYBENZOATE. It requires IRON and tetrahydropteridine.

Benzodiazepine Receptor [M0018591]

Benzopyrene Hydroxylase [M0002368]
A drug-metabolizing, cytochrome P-448 (P-450) enzyme which catalyzes the hydroxylation of benzopyrene to 3-hydroxybenzopyrene in the presence of reduced flavoprotein and molecular oxygen. Also acts on certain anthracene derivatives. An aspect of EC 1.14.14.1.

Benzoylarginine Nitroanilide [M0002377]
A chromogenic substrate that permits direct measurement of peptide hydrolase activity, e.g., papain and trypsin, by colorimetry. The substrate liberates p-nitroaniline as a chromogenic product.

Benzoylarginine Nitroanilide Monohydrochloride [M0330842]

Benzoylarginine Nitroanilide, (R)-Isomer [M0330838]

Benzoylarginine Nitroanilide, (S)-Isomer [M0330839]

Benzoylarginine Nitroanilide, Monosodium Salt, Monohydrochloride [M0330840]

Benzoylarginine-2-Naphthylamide [M0002379]
An enzyme substrate which permits the measurement of peptide hydrolase activity, e.g. trypsin and thrombin. The enzymes liberate 2-naphthylamine, which is measured by colorimetric procedures.

Benzylamine Oxidase [M0002389]
An aspect of monoamine oxidase, EC 1.4.3.4. Catalyzes the oxidation of benzylamine to form benzaldehyde, ammonia and hydrogen peroxide.

Benzylpenicillin Acylase [M0016128]

Benzylpenicillinase [M0016144]

Beriplast [M0373275]

Berlthyrox [M0463497]

beta 2-Glycoprotein I [M0071001]
A 44-kDa highly glycosylated plasma protein that binds phospholipids including CARDIOLIPIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN E RECEPTOR; membrane phospholipids, and other anionic phospholipid-containing moieties. It plays a role in coagulation and apoptotic processes. Formerly known as apolipoprotein H, it is an autoantigen in patients with ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODIES.

beta 2-Microglobulin [M0002412]
An 11-kDa protein associated with the outer membrane of many cells including lymphocytes. It is the small subunit of the MHC class I molecule. Association with beta 2-microglobulin is generally required for the transport of class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. Beta 2-microglobulin is present in small amounts in serum, csf, and urine of normal people, and to a much greater degree in the urine and plasma of patients with tubular proteinemia, renal failure, or kidney transplants.

beta 2-Transferrin [M0021803]

beta Catenin [M0195076]
A multi-functional catenin that participates in CELL ADHESION and nuclear signaling. Beta catenin binds CADHERINS and helps link their cytoplasmic tails to the ACTIN in the CYTOSKELETON via ALPHA CATENIN. It also serves as a transcriptional co-activator and downstream component of WNT PROTEIN-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS.

beta Karyopherins [M0249033]
Nucleocytoplasmic transport molecules that bind to ALPHA KARYOPHERINS in the CYTOSOL and are involved in transport of molecules through the NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX. Once inside the CELL NUCLEUS beta karyopherins interact with RAN GTP-BINDING PROTEIN and dissociate from alpha karyopherins. Beta karyopherins bound to RAN GTP-BINDING PROTEIN are then re-transported to the cytoplasm where hydrolysis of the GTP of RAN GTP-BINDING PROTEIN causes release of karyopherin beta.

beta Keto-Acyl Carrier Protein Synthase I [M0023224]

beta Keto-Acyl Carrier Protein Synthase II [M0023225]

beta Lactamase III [M0016145]

beta Lactamase RP4 [M0016146]

Beta(1)CA Globulin [M0002407]

beta,gamma-Thrombin [M0021421]

beta-1 Globin [M0009283]

beta-1 Interferon [M0025714]

Beta-1,3-Glucanase Type II [M0408492]

beta-2 Thromboglobulin [M0002427]

beta-Actin [M0000299]

beta-Actinin [M0000276]

beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinase [M0148824]
A cyclic-AMP protein kinase that mediates agonist-dependent PHOSPHORYLATION and desensitization of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS.

beta-Alanine [M0023212]
An amino acid formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. Since neuronal uptake and neuronal receptor sensitivity to beta-alanine have been demonstrated, the compound may be a false transmitter replacing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. A rare genetic disorder, hyper-beta-alaninemia, has been reported.

beta-Alanine Hydrochloride [M0329505]

beta-Alanine, Calcium Salt (2:1) [M0329503]

beta-Alanine, Monopotassium Salt [M0329504]

beta-Alanine, Monosodium Salt [M0329502]

beta-Alanine-Pyruvate Transaminase [M0079278]
A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from L-ALANINE to 3-oxopropanoate to generate PYRUVATE and BETA-ALANINE.

beta-Amylase [M0002413]
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-glycosidic linkages in starch, glycogen, and related polysaccharides and oligosaccharides so as to remove successive beta-maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains. EC 3.2.1.2.

beta-Atrial Natriuretic Peptide [M0014515]
An antiparallel dimer of alpha-ANP with the chains linked by 7-23' and 7'-23 disulfide bonds.

beta-Carotene 15,15'-Monooxygenase [M0072771]
A monooxygenase that catalyzes the conversion of BETA-CAROTENE into two molecules of RETINAL. It was formerly characterized as EC 1.13.11.21 and EC 1.18.3.1.

beta-Caseins [M0003588]

beta-Caveolin [M0209021]

beta-CGRP [M0024125]

beta-Crystallin A Chain [M0415412]
The acidic subunit of beta-crystallins.

beta-Crystallin B Chain [M0415413]
The basic subunit of beta-crystallins.

beta-Crystallins [M0005390]
A class of crystallins that provides refractive power and translucency to the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE) in VERTEBRATES. Beta-crystallins are similar in structure to GAMMA-CRYSTALLINS in that they both contain Greek key motifs. Beta-crystallins exist as oligomers formed from acidic (BETA-CRYSTALLIN A CHAIN) and basic (BETA-CRYSTALLIN B CHAIN) subunits.

beta-D-Gal(1-3)D-GalNAc Specific Lectins [M0067934]

beta-Defensins [M0360490]
DEFENSINS found mainly in epithelial cells.

beta-Dystroglycan [M0454542]

beta-Endorphin [M0002414]
A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.

beta-Endorphin Receptor [M0018576]

beta-Enolase [M0016707]

beta-Fructofuranosidase [M0071827]
A glycoside hydrolase found primarily in PLANTS and YEASTS. It has specificity for beta-D-fructofuranosides such as SUCROSE.

beta-Galactosidase [M0002418]
A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause GANGLIOSIDOSIS, GM1.

beta-Galactosidase A1 [M0002415]

beta-Galactosidase A2 [M0002416]

beta-Galactosidase A3 [M0002417]

beta-Globin [M0009284]

Beta-Globulins [M0002406]
Serum proteins with an electrophoretic mobility that falls between ALPHA-GLOBULINS and GAMMA-GLOBULINS.

beta-Glucosidase [M0002419]
An exocellulase with specificity for a variety of beta-D-glycoside substrates. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing residues in beta-D-glucosides with release of GLUCOSE.

beta-Glucosidases [M0445577]

beta-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenase [M0023216]

beta-Kallikrein [M0011895]

beta-Kallikrein B [M0011896]

beta-Keratins [M0011944]
Keratins that form into a beta-pleated sheet structure. They are principle constituents of the corneous material of the carapace and plastron of turtles, the epidermis of snakes and the feathers of birds.

beta-Keto-Reductase [M0023217]

beta-Lactamase I [M0016147]

beta-Lactamases [M0002421]
Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins.

beta-Lactoglobulin [M0012166]

beta-Lactoglobulin A [M0012167]

beta-Lactoglobulin B [M0012168]

beta-Lactoglobulin C [M0012169]

beta-Lactoglobulin E [M0012170]

beta-Lactoglobulin F [M0012171]

beta-Lactoglobulin G [M0012172]

beta-Lactoglobulin I [M0012173]

beta-Lipotropin [M0012607]
A 90-amino acid peptide derived from post-translational processing of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) in the PITUITARY and the HYPOTHALAMUS. It is the C-terminal fragment of POMC with lipid-mobilizing activities, such as LIPOLYSIS and steroidogenesis. Depending on the species and the tissue sites, beta-LPH may be further processed to yield active peptides including GAMMA-LIPOTROPIN; BETA-MSH; and ENDORPHINS.

beta-Mannosidase [M0086105]
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-mannose residues in beta-D-mannosides. The enzyme plays a role in the lysosomal degradation of the N-glycosylprotein glycans. Defects in the lysosomal form of the enzyme in humans result in a buildup of mannoside intermediate metabolites and the disease BETA-MANNOSIDOSIS.

beta-MSH [M0328127]
An 18-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of gamma-lipotropin which is the N-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. Beta-MSH is shown to regulate skin pigmentation, steroid production, and feeding.

beta-N-Acetyl-Galactosaminidase [M0070475]
A hexosiminidase that specifically hydrolyzes terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues in N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminides.

beta-N-Acetylglucosaminide beta 1-4 Galactosyltransferase [M0009492]

beta-N-Acetylglucosaminylglycopeptide beta-1,4-Galactosyltransferase [M0009490]
An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose to a specific glycoprotein receptor, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucosyl-glycopeptide, during glycopeptide synthesis. EC 2.4.1.38.

beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidase [M0002423]
An enzyme hydrolyzing terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-hexosamine residues in N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminides. It acts on GLUCOSIDES; GALACTOSIDES; and several OLIGOSACCHARIDES. Hexosaminidase A cleaves GM2, GA2, globosides, and hexosamine oligosaccharides. Hexosaminidase B cleaves all the above substrates except GM2. Deficiency of Hexosaminidase A causes TAY-SACHS DISEASE, while deficiency of both A and B isozymes causes SANDHOFF DISEASE. The enzyme has also been used as a tumor marker to distinguish between malignant and benign disease.

beta-Sarcoglycan [M0454543]

beta-Secretase [M0470165]

beta-SNAP [M0202545]

beta-Spectrin [M0020227]

Beta-Stathmin [M0166754]

beta-Synuclein [M0159751]
A synuclein that is closely related to ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN. It may play a neuroprotective role against some of the toxic effects of aggregated ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN.

beta-Thrombin [M0021422]

beta-Thromboglobulin [M0002428]
A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, pre-eclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders.

beta-Transducin [M0023547]

beta-Transducin Repeat-Containing Proteins [M0219301]
A family of F-box domain proteins that contain sequences that are homologous to the beta subunit of transducin (BETA-TRANSDUCIN). They play an important role in the protein degradation pathway by becoming components of SKP CULLIN F-BOX PROTEIN LIGASES, which selectively act on a subset of proteins including beta-catenin and IkappaBbeta.

beta-Tropomyosin [M0022042]

beta-Trypsin [M0022077]

beta-Tryptases [M0210455]

beta-Tubulin [M0022140]

beta-Very-Low-Density Lipoproteins [M0493077]

beta-Vinculin [M0025314]

Betaine-Aldehyde Dehydrogenase [M0072626]
An NAD+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of betain aldehyde to BETAINE.

Betaine-Homocysteine Methyltransferase 2 [M0478732]

Betaine-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase [M0079869]
A ZINC metalloenzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from BETAINE to HOMOCYSTEINE to produce dimethylglycine and METHIONINE, respectively. This enzyme is a member of a family of ZINC-dependent METHYLTRANSFERASES that use THIOLS or selenols as methyl acceptors.

BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein [M0267914]
A member of the Bcl-2 protein family that reversibly binds MEMBRANES. It is a pro-apoptotic protein that is activated by caspase cleavage.

Big Endothelin 3 [M0219571]
An alternatively processed form of endothelin-3 that is larger in size.

Bilirubin UDP-Glucuronyltransferase [M0022218]

Binding Protein [M0003561]

Biogonadil [M0009541]

Biological Pumps [M0379231]

Biotinidase [M0111867]
An enzyme which catalyzes the release of BIOTIN from biocytin. In human, defects in the enzyme are the cause of the organic acidemia MULTIPLE CARBOXYLASE DEFICIENCY or BIOTINIDASE DEFICIENCY.

Bis-Penicillamine-Enkephalin [M0117564]

Bisolvon NAC [M0445980]

Bispecific Monoclonal Antibodies [M0027218]

Bisphosphoglycerate Mutase [M0002612]
An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate from C-3 of 1,3-diphosphoglycerate to C-2 of 3-phosphoglycerate, forming 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. EC 5.4.2.4.

Blenoxane [M0369271]

BLEO-cell [M0460676]

Bleolem [M0460669]

Bleomicina [M0460670]

Bleomycin [M0002657]
A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2. It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors.

Bleomycin A2 [M0002654]

Bleomycin B2 [M0002655]

Bleomycin Sulfate [M0330861]

Bl�omycine Bellon [M0460677]

Bleomycinum Mack [M0460675]

Blood Coagulation Factors [M0002684]
Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process.

Blood Proteins [M0002710]
Proteins that are present in blood serum, including SERUM ALBUMIN; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; and many other types of proteins.

BLV Antibodies [M0023839]

BLV Antigens [M0023846]

Bombesin [M0002763]
A tetradecapeptide originally obtained from the skins of toads Bombina bombina and B. variegata. It is also an endogenous neurotransmitter in many animals including mammals. Bombesin affects vascular and other smooth muscle, gastric secretion, and renal circulation and function.

Bombesin Dihydrochloride [M0330862]

Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor, Type IA [M0430790]

Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor, Type IB [M0430789]

Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors [M0237324]
A family of CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS that bind BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. They are PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that mediate SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS through SMAD PROTEINS.

Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I [M0235135]
A subtype of bone morphogenetic protein receptors with high affinity for BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. They can interact with and undergo PHOSPHORYLATION by BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS, TYPE II. They signal primarily through RECEPTOR-REGULATED SMAD PROTEINS.

Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II [M0248475]
A subtype of bone morphogenetic protein receptors with low affinity for BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. They are constitutively active PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that can interact with and phosphorylate TYPE I BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS.

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins [M0028976]
Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. They are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins.

Bordetella pertussis Adenylate Cyclase Toxin [M0412693]

Bovine Activator Protein [M0003212]

Bovine Leukemia Virus Glycoprotein gp51 [M0022707]

Bradykinin [M0002864]
A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from KALLIDIN in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from MAST CELLS during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter.

Bradykinin Acetate, (9-D-Arg)-Isomer [M0330878]

Bradykinin Diacetate [M0330871]

Bradykinin Hydrochloride [M0330875]

Bradykinin Triacetate [M0330876]

Bradykinin, (1-D-Arg)-Isomer [M0330873]

Bradykinin, (2-D-Pro)-Isomer [M0330867]

Bradykinin, (2-D-Pro-3-D-Pro-7-D-Pro)-Isomer [M0330866]

Bradykinin, (2-D-Pro-7-D-Pro)-Isomer [M0330880]

Bradykinin, (3-D-Pro)-Isomer [M0330864]

Bradykinin, (3-D-Pro-7-D-Pro)-Isomer [M0330879]

Bradykinin, (5-D-Phe)-Isomer [M0330868]

Bradykinin, (5-D-Phe-8-D-Phe)-Isomer [M0330872]

Bradykinin, (6-D-Ser)-Isomer [M0330863]

Bradykinin, (7-D-Pro)-Isomer [M0330870]

Bradykinin, (8-D-Phe)-Isomer [M0330869]

Bradykinin, (9-D-Arg)-Isomer [M0330874]

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor [M0028612]
A member of the nerve growth factor family of trophic factors. In the brain BDNF has a trophic action on retinal, cholinergic, and dopaminergic neurons, and in the peripheral nervous system it acts on both motor and sensory neurons. (From Kendrew, The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994)

Bravelle [M0475589]

BRCA1 Protein [M0028758]
The phosphoprotein encoded by the BRCA1 gene (GENE, BRCA1). In normal cells the BRCA1 protein is localized in the nucleus, whereas in the majority of breast cancer cell lines and in malignant pleural effusions from breast cancer patients, it is localized mainly in the cytoplasm. (Science 1995;270(5237):713,789-91)

BRCA2 Protein [M0242709]
A large, nuclear protein, encoded by the BRCA2 gene (GENE, BRCA2). Mutations in this gene predispose humans to breast and ovarian cancer. The BRCA2 protein is an essential component of DNA repair pathways, suppressing the formation of gross chromosomal rearrangements. (from Genes Dev. 2000;14(11):1400-6)

Brevicidin [M0022196]

Brinolase [M0002923]
A fibrinolytic and thrombolytic enzyme from Aspergillus oryzae. EC 3.4.99.-.

BRL-26921 [M0333009]

Bromelain-POS [M0463076]

Bromelains [M0002933]
Protein-digesting and milk-clotting enzymes found in PINEAPPLE fruit juice and stem tissue. Enzymes from the two sources are distinguished as fruit bromelain and stem bromelain. There has been interest in using it for INFLAMMATION and DEBRIDEMENT. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.

Broncho-Fips [M0445984]

Broncholysin [M0000172]

Broncoclar [M0445988]

Bryamycin [M0373342]

BsuF Endonuclease [M0028379]

Buserelin [M0003073]
A potent synthetic agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-serine substitution at residue 6, glycine10 deletion, and other modifications.

Buserelin Acetate [M0330888]

Buthionine Sulfoximine [M0028777]
A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7)

Butyrate Response Factor 1 [M0184853]
A ZINC FINGER MOTIF containing immediate early protein that is closely related to TRISTETRAPROLIN. It interacts with and helps destabilize VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR mRNA.

Butyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase [M0072682]
A flavoprotein oxidoreductase that has specificity for short-chain fatty acids. It forms a complex with ELECTRON-TRANSFERRING FLAVOPROTEINS and conveys reducing equivalents to UBIQUINONE.

Butyrylcholinesterase [M0003115]
An aspect of cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8).

Butyrylthiocholinesterase [M0003114]

BW-180C [M0373907]

C-Peptide [M0003121]
The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.

C-Phycocyanin [M0016772]

C-Reactive Protein [M0003122]
A plasma protein that circulates in increased amounts during inflammation and after tissue damage.

CA I Hiroshima-1 [M0370313]
A variant form of carbonic anhydrase I that has asparagine at position 86 replaced by glycine.

Ca(2+) Mg(2+)-ATPase [M0026264]
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP and is activated by millimolar concentrations of either Ca(2+) or Mg(2+). Unlike CA(2+)-TRANSPORTING ATPASE it does not require the second divalent cation for its activity, and is not sensitive to orthovanadate. (Prog Biophys Mol Biol 1988;52(1):1). A subgroup of EC 3.6.1.3.

Ca(2+)-Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase [M0027001]
A calmodulin-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins. This enzyme is also sometimes dependent on calcium. A wide range of proteins can act as acceptor, including vimentin, synapsin, glycogen synthase, myosin light chains, and the microtubule-associated proteins. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p277)

Ca++ Calmodulin Dependent Cyclic AMP Phosphodiesterase [M0023234]

Cadherins [M0024234]
Calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They are important in the formation of ADHERENS JUNCTIONS between cells. Cadherins are classified by their distinct immunological and tissue specificities, either by letters (E- for epithelial, N- for neural, and P- for placental cadherins) or by numbers (cadherin-12 or N-cadherin 2 for brain-cadherin). Cadherins promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism as in the construction of tissues and of the whole animal body.

Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins [M0385233]
Proteins from the nematode species CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. The proteins from this species are the subject of scientific interest in the area of multicellular organism MORPHOGENESIS.

Caerulein [M0003135]
A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.

Calcineurin [M0029257]
A calcium- and calmodulin-binding protein present in highest concentrations in the central nervous system. Calcineurin is composed of two subunits. A catalytic subunit, calcineurin A, and a regulatory subunit, calcineurin B, with molecular weights of about 60 kDa and 19 kDa, respectively. Calcineurin has been shown to dephosphorylate a number of phosphoproteins including histones, myosin light chain, and the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. It is involved in the regulation of signal transduction and is the target of an important class of immunophilin-immunosuppressive drug complexes in T-lymphocytes that act by inhibiting T-cell activation.

Calcineurin A [M0029259]

Calcineurin B [M0029258]

Calcitonin [M0003145]
A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults.

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide [M0024126]
Calcitonin gene-related peptide. A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in neural tissue of the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator.

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide I [M0024127]

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide II [M0024128]

Calcium Channels [M0023383]
Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.

Calcium Channels, L-Type [M0328046]
Long-lasting voltage-gated CALCIUM CHANNELS found in both excitable and nonexcitable tissue. They are responsible for normal myocardial and vascular smooth muscle contractility. Five subunits (alpha-1, alpha-2, beta, gamma, and delta) make up the L-type channel. The alpha-1 subunit is the binding site for calcium-based antagonists. Dihydropyridine-based calcium antagonists are used as markers for these binding sites.

Calcium Channels, N-Type [M0328047]
CALCIUM CHANNELS that are concentrated in neural tissue. Omega toxins inhibit the actions of these channels by altering their voltage dependence.

Calcium Channels, P-Type [M0328057]
CALCIUM CHANNELS located within the PURKINJE CELLS of the cerebellum. They are involved in stimulation-secretion coupling of neurons.

Calcium Channels, Q-Type [M0328058]
CALCIUM CHANNELS located in the neurons of the brain.

Calcium Channels, R-Type [M0328063]
CALCIUM CHANNELS located in the neurons of the brain. They are inhibited by the marine snail toxin, omega conotoxin MVIIC.

Calcium Channels, T-Type [M0328068]
A heterogenous group of transient or low voltage activated type CALCIUM CHANNELS. They are found in cardiac myocyte membranes, the sinoatrial node, Purkinje cells of the heart and the central nervous system.

Calcium Pantothenate [M0015822]

Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent [M0003191]
A protein that plays a fundamental role in the Vitamin D mediated transport of calcium in reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals. It is found in the intestine, kidneys, egg shell gland, brain, and possibly other organs. Its molecular weight is species dependent.

Calcium-Binding Proteins [M0003193]
Proteins to which calcium ions are bound. They can act as transport proteins, regulator proteins, or activator proteins. They typically contain EF HAND MOTIFS.

Calcium-Transporting ATPases [M0000393]
Cation-transporting proteins that utilize the energy of ATP hydrolysis for the transport of CALCIUM. They differ from CALCIUM CHANNELS which allow calcium to pass through a membrane without the use of energy.

Caldesmon [M0003215]

Caldesmon (77) [M0003216]

Calelectrins [M0026266]

Calf Thymus Chromatin Protein HMG [M0010346]

Calgranulin A [M0169795]
A 10.8-kDa member of the S-100 family of calcium-binding proteins that can form homo- or heterocomplexes with CALGRANULIN B and a variety of other proteins. The calgranulin A/B heterodimer is known as LEUKOCYTE L1 ANTIGEN COMPLEX. Calgranulin A is found in many cell types including GRANULOCYTES; KERATINOCYTES; and myelomonocytes, and has been shown to act as a chemotactic substance for NEUTROPHILS. Because it is present in acute inflammation but absent in chronic inflammation, it is a useful biological marker for a number of pathological conditions.

Calgranulin B [M0169799]
A 13.2-kDa member of the S-100 family of calcium-binding proteins that can form homo- or heterocomplexes with CALGRANULIN A and a variety of other proteins. The calgranulin A/B heterodimer is known as LEUKOCYTE L1 ANTIGEN COMPLEX. Calgranulin B is expressed at high concentrations in GRANULOCYTES during early monocyte differentiation, and serum calgranulin B levels are elevated in many inflammatory disorders such as CYSTIC FIBROSIS.

Calmodulin [M0003213]
A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels.

Calmodulin Phosphodiesterase [M0023235]

Calmodulin-Binding Proteins [M0003217]
Proteins which bind calmodulin. They are found in many tissues and have a variety of functions including F-actin cross-linking properties, inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and calcium and magnesium ATPases.

Calmodulin-Dependent Phosphodiesterase [M0023236]

Calnexin [M0193588]
A lectin found in ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM membranes that binds to specific N-linked OLIGOSACCHARIDES found on newly synthesized proteins. It may play role in PROTEIN FOLDING or retention and degradation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Calpactins [M0026267]

Calpain [M0003226]
Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including neuropeptides, cytoskeletal proteins, proteins from smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, liver, platelets and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.

Calpain I [M0003227]

Calpain II [M0003228]

Calreticulin [M0172278]
A multifunctional protein that is found primarily within membrane-bound organelles. In the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM it binds to specific N-linked oligosaccharides found on newly-synthesized proteins and functions as a MOLECULAR CHAPERONE that may play a role in PROTEIN FOLDING or retention and degradation of misfolded proteins. In addition calreticulin is a major storage form for CALCIUM and functions as a calcium-signaling molecule that can regulate intracellular calcium HOMEOSTASIS.

Calsequestrin [M0003229]
Acidic protein found in SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM that binds calcium to the extent of 700-900 nmoles/mg. It plays the role of sequestering calcium transported to the interior of the intracellular vesicle.

Calspectin [M0003218]

CaM-BP(80) [M0003219]

Camphor 5-Monooxygenase [M0028967]
A soluble cytochrome P-450 enzyme that catalyzes camphor monooxygenation in the presence of putidaredoxin, putidaredoxin reductase, and molecular oxygen. This enzyme, encoded by the CAMC gene also known as CYP101, has been crystallized from bacteria and the structure is well defined. Under anaerobic conditions, this enzyme reduces the polyhalogenated compounds bound at the camphor-binding site.

Canasa [M0474819]

Canavanine [M0003249]

Cancer Vaccines [M0028986]
Vaccines or candidate vaccines designed to prevent or treat cancer. Vaccines are produced using the patient's own whole tumor cells as the source of antigens, or using tumor-specific antigens, often recombinantly produced.

Canderel [M0434513]

Cap-Binding Protein Complex [M0419250]
A heterodimeric protein complex of RNA cap-binding proteins which binds with high affinity to the 5' MRNA CAP STRUCTURE.

Capoten [M0003322]

Capralense [M0432613]

Capreomycin [M0003304]

Capreomycin Sulfate [M0003303]
Cyclic peptide antibiotic similar to VIOMYCIN. It is produced by Streptomyces capreolus.

Caproamin [M0432614]

Caprocid [M0351468]

Caprolest [M0432615]

Capsid Proteins [M0408969]
Proteins that form the CAPSID of VIRUSES.

Captopril [M0003319]
A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.

CapZ Actin Capping Protein [M0188281]
An actin capping protein that binds to the barbed-ends of ACTIN filaments. It is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha and a beta subunit. It regulates actin assembly by stabilizing actin oligomers for elongation. In SKELETAL MUSCLE, CapZ is localized to the Z-disk.

CapZ Actin Capping Protein, alpha Subunit [M0188278]

CapZ Actin Capping Protein, beta Subunit [M0188279]

Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Ammonia) [M0003332]
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from ATP, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. This enzyme is specific for arginine biosynthesis or the urea cycle. Absence or lack of this enzyme may cause CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE I DEFICIENCY DISEASE. EC 6.3.4.16.

Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Glutamine-Hydrolyzing) [M0003334]
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from ATP, carbon dioxide, and glutamine. This enzyme is important in the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidines. EC 6.3.5.5.

Carbamoyltransferases [M0029515]

Carbamyl Phosphate Synthase II [M0003333]

Carbenicillinase [M0016148]

Carbocysteine [M0003348]
A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.

Carbocysteine, L-Isomer [M0330922]

Carbohydrate Dehydrogenases [M0003355]
Reversibly catalyze the oxidation of a hydroxyl group of carbohydrates to form a keto sugar, aldehyde or lactone. Any acceptor except molecular oxygen is permitted. Includes EC 1.1.1.; EC 1.1.2.; and 1.1.99.

Carbohydrate Epimerases [M0003356]
Enzymes that catalyze the epimerization of chiral centers within carbohydrates or their derivatives. EC 5.1.3.

Carbon-Carbon Double Bond Isomerases [M0029315]
Enzymes that catalyze the shifting of a carbon-carbon double bond from one position to another within the same molecule. EC 5.3.3.

Carbon-Carbon Ligases [M0029296]
Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-carbon bond. These are the carboxylating enzymes and are mostly biotinyl-proteins. EC 6.4.

Carbon-Carbon Lyases [M0029319]
Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. This subclass contains the DECARBOXYLASES, the ALDEHYDE-LYASES, and the OXO-ACID-LYASES. EC 4.1.

Carbon-Nitrogen Ligases [M0029293]
Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-nitrogen bond. EC 6.3.

Carbon-Nitrogen Ligases with Glutamine as Amide-N-Donor [M0029295]
Enzymes that catalyze the joining of glutamine-derived ammonia and another molecule. The linkage is in the form of a carbon-nitrogen bond. EC 6.3.5.

Carbon-Nitrogen Lyases [M0029321]
Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-nitrogen bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. Subclasses are the AMMONIA-LYASES, the AMIDINE-LYASES, the amine-lyases, and other carbon-nitrogen lyases. EC 4.3.

Carbon-Oxygen Ligases [M0029291]
Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-oxygen bond. EC 6.1.

Carbon-Oxygen Lyases [M0029320]
Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. EC 4.2.

Carbon-Sulfur Ligases [M0029292]
Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-sulfur bond. EC 6.2.

Carbon-Sulfur Lyases [M0020767]
Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-sulfur bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. EC 4.4.

Carbonic Anhydrase I [M0003387]
A cytosolic carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme primarily expressed in ERYTHROCYTES, vascular endothelial cells, and the gastrointestinal mucosa. EC 4.2.1.-

Carbonic Anhydrase II [M0003388]
A cytosolic carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme found widely distributed in cells of almost all tissues. Deficiencies of carbonic anhydrase II produce a syndrome characterized by OSTEOPETROSIS, renal tubular acidosis (ACIDOSIS, RENAL TUBULAR) and cerebral calcification. EC 4.2.1.-

Carbonic Anhydrase III [M0003389]
A cytosolic carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme primarily expressed in skeletal muscle (MUSCLES, SKELETAL). EC 4.2.1.-

Carbonic Anhydrase IV [M0389743]
A membrane-bound carbonic anhydrase found in lung capillaries and kidney.

Carbonic Anhydrase V [M0003395]
A carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme found in MITOCHONDRIA where it provides bicarbonate ions that are components in the urea cycle and in GLUCONEOGENESIS.

Carbonic Anhydrases [M0003382]
A family of zinc-containing enzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. They play an important role in the transport of CARBON DIOXIDE from the tissues to the LUNG. EC 4.2.1.1.

Carboxy-Lyases [M0003401]
Enzymes that catalyze the addition of a carboxyl group to a compound (carboxylases) or the removal of a carboxyl group from a compound (decarboxylases). EC 4.1.1.

Carboxyhemoglobin [M0003402]

Carboxyhemoglobin A [M0003403]

Carboxyhemoglobin C [M0003404]

Carboxyl and Carbamoyl Transferases [M0029517]
A group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of carboxyl- or carbamoyl- groups. EC 2.1.3.

Carboxylesterase [M0090456]
Carboxylesterase is a serine-dependent esterase with wide substrate specificity. The enzyme is involved in the detoxification of XENOBIOTICS and the activation of ester and of amide PRODRUGS.

Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases [M0003406]
Enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of carboxylic acid esters with the formation of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid anion.

Carboxyltransferases [M0029516]

Carboxymethylcysteine [M0003349]

Carboxypeptidase A1 [M0449102]

Carboxypeptidase A2 [M0449105]

Carboxypeptidase A5 [M0449103]

Carboxypeptidase B [M0072754]
A ZINC-dependent carboxypeptidase primary found in the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. The enzyme catalyzes the preferential cleavage of a C-terminal peptidyl-L-lysine or arginine. It was formerly classified as EC 3.4.2.2 and EC 3.4.12.3.

Carboxypeptidase C [M0242181]
A carboxypeptidase that catalyzes the release of a C-terminal amino acid with a broad specificity. It also plays a role in the LYSOSOMES by protecting BETA-GALACTOSIDASE and NEURAMINIDASE from degradation. It was formerly classified as EC 3.4.12.1 and EC 3.4.21.13.

Carboxypeptidase G1 [M0018074]

Carboxypeptidase G2 [M0018075]

Carboxypeptidase H [M0108540]
A ZINC-containing exopeptidase primarily found in SECRETORY VESICLES of endocrine and neuroendocrine cells. It catalyzes the cleavage of C-terminal ARGININE or LYSINE residues from polypeptides and is active in processing precursors of PEPTIDE HORMONES and other bioactive peptides.

Carboxypeptidase U [M0376430]
A metallocarboxypeptidase that removes C-terminal lysine and arginine from biologically active peptides and proteins thereby regulating their activity. It is a zinc enzyme with no preference shown for lysine over arginine. Pro-carboxypeptidase U in human plasma is activated by thrombin or plasmin during clotting to form the unstable carboxypeptidase U.

Carboxypeptidases [M0003411]
Enzymes that act at a free C-terminus of a polypeptide to liberate a single amino acid residue. They are further divided based on their catalytic mechanism into serine-type carboxypeptidases EC 3.4.16; metallocarboxypeptidases, EC 3.4.17; and cysteine-type carboxypeptidases, EC 3.4.18. EC 3.4.-.

Carboxypeptidases A [M0072752]
Carboxypeptidases that are primarily found the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM that catalyze the release of C-terminal amino acids. Carboxypeptidases A have little or no activity for hydrolysis of C-terminal ASPARTIC ACID; GLUTAMIC ACID; ARGININE; LYSINE; or PROLINE. This enzyme requires ZINC as a cofactor and was formerly listed as EC 3.4.2.1 and EC 3.4.12.2.

CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins [M0493302]
A family of intracellular signaling adaptor proteins that contain caspase activation and recruitment domains. Proteins that contain this domain play a role in APOPTOSIS-related signal transduction by associating with other CARD domain-containing members and in activating INITIATOR CASPASES that contain CARD domains within their N-terminal pro-domain region.

Cardiac Myosins [M0371559]
Myosin type II isoforms found in cardiac muscle.

Carnitine Acyltransferases [M0003496]
Acyltransferases in the inner mitochondrial membrane that catalyze the reversible transfer of acyl groups from acyl-CoA to L-carnitine and thereby mediate the transport of activated fatty acids through that membrane. EC 2.3.1.

Carnitine O-Acetyltransferase [M0003495]
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of O-acetylcarnitine from acetyl-CoA plus carnitine. EC 2.3.1.7.

Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase [M0003498]
An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the conversion of palmitoyl-CoA to palmitoylcarnitine in the inner mitochondrial membrane. EC 2.3.1.21.

Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase I [M0003499]

Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase II [M0003500]

Carnitine-Acetylcarnitine Translocase [M0003497]

Carnosine [M0003535]
A naturally occurring dipeptide neuropeptide found in muscles.

Carnosine, (D-His)-Isomer [M0330928]

Carrier Proteins [M0003559]
Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Casein A [M0003589]

Casein Kinase 2 alpha Subunit [M0444965]

Casein Kinase 2 alpha' Subunit [M0460745]

Casein Kinase 2 beta Subunit [M0460746]

Casein Kinase I [M0072783]
A casein kinase that was originally described as a monomeric enzyme with a molecular weight of 30-40 kD. Several ISOENZYMES of casein kinase I have been found which are encoded by separate genes. Many of the casein kinase I isoenzymes have been shown to play distinctive roles in intracellular SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

Casein Kinase Ialpha [M0072784]
A casein kinase I isoenzyme that plays a role in intracellular signaling pathways including the CELL CYCLE, membrane trafficking, and RNA processing. In DROSOPHILA casein kinase Ialpha has been in regulation of Hedghog and Wingless signaling pathways. Multiple isoforms of casein kinase Ialpha exist and are due ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

Casein Kinase IalphaL [M0072785]

Casein Kinase IalphaLS [M0072786]

Casein Kinase IalphaS [M0072787]

Casein Kinase Ibeta [M0072788]

Casein Kinase Idelta [M0440974]
A casein kinase I isoenzyme that plays a regulatory role in a variety of cellular functions including vesicular transport, CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION; CYTOKINESIS, developmental processes, and the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.

Casein Kinase Iepsilon [M0072789]
A casein kinase I isoenzyme with specificity for proteins involved the regulation of the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.

Casein Kinase Igamma [M0072790]

Casein Kinase II [M0232027]
A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.

Casein Kinase Ikappa [M0072792]

Casein Kinase Itau [M0361581]

Casein Kinases [M0072796]
A group of protein-serine-threonine kinases that was originally identified as being responsible for the PHOSPHORYLATION of CASEINS. They are ubiquitous enzymes that have a preference for acidic proteins. Casein kinases play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION by phosphorylating a variety of regulatory cytoplasmic and regulatory nuclear proteins.

Casein Phosphatase [M0016691]

Caseins [M0003590]
A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.

CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein [M0278135]
An APOPTOSIS-regulating protein that is structurally related to CASPASE 8 and competes with CASPASE 8 for binding to FAS ASSOCIATED DEATH DOMAIN PROTEIN. Two forms of CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulating protein exist, a long form containing a caspase-like enzymatically inactive domain and a short form which lacks the caspase-like domain.

Caspase 1 [M0029892]
A long pro-domain caspase that has specificity for the precursor form of INTERLEUKIN-1BETA. It plays a role in INFLAMMATION by catalytically converting the inactive forms of CYTOKINES such as interleukin-1beta to their active, secreted form. Caspase 1 is referred as interleukin-1beta converting enzyme and is frequently abbreviated ICE.

Caspase 10 [M0296687]
A long pro-domain caspase that contains a death effector domain in its pro-domain region. Activation of this enzyme can occur via the interaction of its N-terminal death effector domain with DEATH DOMAIN RECEPTOR SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS. Caspase 10 plays a role in APOPTOSIS by cleaving and activating EFFECTOR CASPASES. Several isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its MESSENGER RNA.

Caspase 10a [M0266009]

Caspase 10c [M0303870]

Caspase 10d [M0303912]

Caspase 12 [M0355943]
A long pro-domain caspase that contains a caspase recruitment domain in its pro-domain region. Caspase 9 is activated by pro-apoptotic factors that are released during cell stress and by CARD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS. It activates APOPTOSIS by cleaving and activating EFFECTOR CASPASES.

Caspase 14 [M0297648]
A short pro-domain caspase that is almost exclusively expressed in the EPIDERMIS and may play a role in the differentiation of epidermal KERATINOCYTES.

Caspase 2 [M0236588]
A long pro-domain caspase that contains a caspase recruitment domain in its pro-domain region. Activation of this enzyme can occur via the interaction of its caspase recruitment domain with CARD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS. Caspase 2 plays a role in APOPTOSIS by cleaving and activating effector pro-caspases. Several isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its MESSENGER RNA.

Caspase 2 Subunit p12 [M0491616]

Caspase 2 Subunit p13 [M0491615]

Caspase 2 Subunit p18 [M0491614]

Caspase 3 [M0239778]
A short pro-domain caspase that plays an effector role in APOPTOSIS. It is activated by INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 9. Isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its MESSENGER RNA.

Caspase 6 [M0275238]
A short pro-domain caspase that plays an effector role in APOPTOSIS. It is activated by INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 7; CASPASE 8; and CASPASE 10. Isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its MESSENGER RNA.

Caspase 7 [M0275104]
A short pro-domain caspase that plays an effector role in APOPTOSIS. It is activated by INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 3 and CASPASE 10. Several isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its MESSENGER RNA.

Caspase 8 [M0283158]
A long pro-domain caspase that contains a death effector domain in its pro-domain region. Caspase 8 plays a role in APOPTOSIS by cleaving and activating EFFECTOR CASPASES. Activation of this enzyme can occur via the interaction of its N-terminal death effector domain with DEATH DOMAIN RECEPTOR SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS.

Caspase 9 [M0264023]
A long pro-domain caspase that contains a caspase recruitment domain in its pro-domain region. Caspase 9 is activated during cell stress by mitochondria-derived proapoptotic factors and by CARD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS such as APOPTOTIC PROTEASE-ACTIVATING FACTOR 1. It activates APOPTOSIS by cleaving and activating EFFECTOR CASPASES.

Caspases [M0029891]
A family of intracellular CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES that play a role in regulating INFLAMMATION and APOPTOSIS. They specifically cleave peptides at a CYSTEINE amino acid that follows an ASPARTIC ACID residue. Caspases are activated by proteolytic cleavage of a precursor form to yield large and small subunits that form the enzyme. Since the cleavage site within precursors matches the specificity of caspases, sequential activation of precursors by activated caspases can occur.

Caspases, Effector [M0491613]
A subclass of caspases that contain short pro-domain regions. They are activated by the proteolytic action of INITIATOR CASPASES. Once activated they cleave a variety of substrates that cause APOPTOSIS.

Caspases, Initiator [M0491612]
A subtype of caspases that contain long pro-domain regions that regulate the activation of the enzyme. The pro-domain regions contain protein-protein interaction motifs that can interact with specific signaling adaptor proteins such as DEATH DOMAIN RECEPTORS; DED SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS; and CARD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS. Once activated, the initiator caspases can activate other caspases such as the EFFECTOR CASPASES.

Catalase [M0003613]
An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of HYDROGEN PEROXIDE to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in ACATALASIA.

Catalase A [M0003614]

Catalase T [M0003615]

Catalytic Subunit Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase [M0026997]

Catechol 1,2-Dioxygenase [M0072800]
An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of catechol to muconic acid with the use of Fe3+ as a cofactor. This enzyme was formerly characterized as EC 1.13.1.1 and EC 1.99.2.2.

Catechol 2,3-Dioxygenase [M0072809]
Catalyzes the oxidation of catechol to 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde in the CARBAZOLE and BENZOATE degradation via HYDROXYLATION pathways. It also catalyzes the conversion of 3-methylcatechol to cis, cis-2-hydroxy-6-oxohept-2,4-dienoate in the TOLUENE and XYLENE degradation pathway. This enzyme was formerly characterized as EC 1.13.1.2.

Catechol O-Methyltransferase [M0003646]
Enzyme that catalyzes the movement of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionone to a catechol or a catecholamine. EC 2.1.1.6.

Catechol Oxidase [M0006511]
An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction between catechol and oxygen to yield benzoquinone and water. It is a complex of copper-containing proteins that acts also on a variety of substituted catechols. EC 1.10.3.1.

Catecholamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins [M0475596]
A group of membrane transport proteins that transport biogenic amine derivatives of catechol across the PLASMA MEMBRANE. Catecholamine plasma membrane transporter proteins regulate neural transmission as well as catecholamine metabolism and recycling.

Catecholamine Sulfotransferase A [M0023421]

Catecholamine Sulfotransferase B [M0023422]

Catenins [M0479529]
A family of cytoskeletal proteins that play essential roles in CELL ADHESION at ADHERENS JUNCTIONS by linking CADHERINS to the ACTIN FILAMENTS of the CYTOSKELETON.

Catgut [M0003653]
Sterile collagen strands obtained from healthy mammals. They are used as absorbable surgical ligatures and are frequently impregnated with chromium or silver for increased strength. They tend to cause tissue reaction.

Cathepsin B [M0003657]
A lysosomal cysteine proteinase which hydrolyzes proteins, with a specificity resembling that of papain. The enzyme is present in a variety of tissues and is important in many physiological and pathological processes. In pathology, cathepsin B has been found to be involved in demyelination, emphysema, rheumatoid arthritis, and neoplastic infiltration. EC 3.4.22.1.

Cathepsin B-Like Activity [M0003658]

Cathepsin B-Like Proteinase [M0003659]

Cathepsin D [M0003660]
An intracellular proteinase found in a variety of tissue. It has specificity similar to but narrower than that of pepsin A. The enzyme is involved in catabolism of cartilage and connective tissue. EC 3.4.23.5. (Formerly EC 3.4.4.23).

Cathepsin E [M0029767]
An aspartic endopeptidase of the hydrolase class that is similar to cathepsin D but has a slightly broader specificity. EC 3.4.23.34.

Cathepsins [M0003661]
A group of lysosomal proteinases or endopeptidases found in aqueous extracts of a variety of animal tissue. They function optimally within an acidic pH range.

Cation Exchange Proteins [M0381291]

Cation Pump [M0025340]

Cation Transport Proteins [M0380835]
Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of positively charged molecules (cations) across a biological membrane.

Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 1 [M0199991]
A high-affinity, low capacity system y+ amino acid transporter found ubiquitously. It has specificity for the transport of ARGININE; LYSINE; and ORNITHINE. It may also act as an ecotropic leukemia retroviral receptor.

Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2 [M0199992]
A high-affinity, low capacity system y+ amino acid transporter with strong similarity to CATIONIC AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER 1. The two isoforms of the protein, CAT-2A and CAT-2B, exist due to alternative mRNA splicing. The transporter has specificity for the transport of ARGININE; LYSINE; and ORNITHINE.

Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2A [M0379737]

Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2B [M0379738]

Caveolin 1 [M0209023]
A tyrosine phosphoprotein that plays an essential role in CAVEOLAE formation. It binds CHOLESTEROL and is involved in LIPIDS transport, membrane traffic, and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

Caveolin 2 [M0271571]
Caveolin 2 is a binding partner of CAVEOLIN 1. It undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation by C-SRC PROTEIN PP60 and plays a regulatory role in CAVEOLAE formation.

Caveolin 3 [M0257250]
A caveolin that is expressed exclusively in MUSCLE CELLS and is sufficient to form CAVEOLAE in SARCOLEMMA. Mutations in caveolin 3 are associated with multiple muscle diseases including DISTAL MYOPATHY and LIMB-GIRDLE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY.

Caveolins [M0358285]
The main structural proteins of CAVEOLAE. Several distinct genes for caveolins have been identified.

CCAAT-Binding Factor [M0156235]
A heterotrimeric DNA-binding protein that binds to CCAAT motifs in the promoters of eukaryotic genes. It is composed of three subunits: A, B and C.

CCAAT-Binding Factor, A-Subunit [M0156236]

CCAAT-Binding Factor, B-Subunit [M0156237]

CCAAT-Binding Factor, C-Subunit [M0156238]

CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha [M0164348]
A CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein found in LIVER; ADIPOSE TISSUE; INTESTINES; LUNG; ADRENAL GLANDS; PLACENTA; OVARY and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (LEUKOCYTES, MONONUCLEAR). Experiments with knock-out mice have demonstrated that CCAAT-enhancer binding protein-alpha is essential for the functioning and differentiation of HEPATOCYTES and ADIPOCYTES.

CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta [M0164346]
A CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein found in LIVER; INTESTINES; LUNG and ADIPOSE TISSUE. It is an important mediator of INTERLEUKIN-6 signaling.

CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-delta [M0191519]
A member of the C-EBP protein family of transcription factors. It plays a key role in G0 PHASE mammary EPITHELIAL CELL growth arrest, and it is involved in transcriptional regulation of INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 6; and TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA.

CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins [M0164365]
A class of proteins that were originally identified by their ability to bind the DNA sequence CCAAT. The typical CCAAT-enhancer binding protein forms dimers and consists of an activation domain, a DNA-binding basic region, and a leucine-rich dimerization domain (LEUCINE ZIPPERS). CCAAT-BINDING FACTOR is structurally distinct type of CCAAT-enhancer binding protein consisting of a trimer of three different subunits.

CCK-33 [M0004236]

CCK-4 Receptors [M0443800]

CCK-8 Receptors [M0443799]

CD30 Ligand [M0218957]
A membrane-bound tumor necrosis family member found primarily on activated T-LYMPHOCYTES that binds specifically to CD30 ANTIGEN. It may play a role in INFLAMMATION and immune regulation.

CD32 Antigens [M0026478]

CD4 Immunoadhesins [M0025662]
Chimeric molecules resulting from the fusion of recombinant soluble CD4 to the Fc portion of immunoglobulins. These have potential use in the therapy of AIDS since they possess both the gp120-binding and HIV-blocking properties of rCD4 as well as the long plasma half-life and Fc receptor-binding functions of immunoglobulin.

CD4-IgG [M0025663]

CD40 Ligand [M0200619]
A membrane glycoprotein and differentiation antigen expressed on the surface of T-cells that binds to CD40 ANTIGENS on B-LYMPHOCYTES and induces their proliferation. Mutation of the gene for CD40 ligand is a cause of HYPER-IGM IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME, TYPE 1.

CD42b Antigens [M0028421]

CD42c Antigens [M0028422]

CD42d Antigen [M0028423]

CD45R Antigens [M0026538]

CD45RA Antigens [M0026540]

CD45RB Antigens [M0026541]

CD45RCAntigens [M0026544]

CD45RO Antigens [M0026542]

CD64 Antigens [M0026481]

CDC2 Protein Kinase [M0024739]
Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in the G2/M phase transition of the CELL CYCLE. It is the catalytic subunit of the MATURATION-PROMOTING FACTOR and complexes with both CYCLIN A and CYCLIN B in mammalian cells. The maximal activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 is achieved when it is fully dephosphorylated.

CDC2-CDC28 Kinases [M0442126]
A family of cell cycle-dependent kinases that are related in structure to CDC28 PROTEIN KINASE; S CEREVISIAE; and the CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE found in mammalian species.

CDC2-Related Kinases [M0374710]

cdc25 Phosphatase [M0328156]
A tyrosine phosphatase required for progression of the cell cycle. It is required for p34(cdc2) kinase activation.

CDC28 Protein Kinase, S cerevisiae [M0026531]
A protein kinase encoded by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC28 gene and required for progression from the G1 PHASE to the S PHASE in the CELL CYCLE.

CDC28-Related Kinases [M0442127]

cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein [M0328159]
A member of the Rho family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. It is associated with a diverse array of cellular functions including cytoskeletal changes, filopodia formation and transport through the GOLGI APPARATUS. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae [M0328166]
A member of the Rho family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS from SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. It is involved in morphological events related to the cell cycle. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein, Yeast [M0389144]

CDP-Diacylglycerol-Inositol 3-Phosphatidyltransferase [M0072823]
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL and CMP from CDP-DIACYLGLYCEROL and MYOINOSITOL.

CDPdiacylglycerol-Serine O-Phosphatidyltransferase [M0016649]
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of phosphatidylserine and CMP from CDPdiglyceride plus serine. EC 2.7.8.8.

CDw32 Antigens [M0026480]

Celiase [M0020585]

Celiomycin [M0373268]

Cell Adhesion Molecules [M0024220]
Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis.

Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuron-Glia [M0028455]
Cell adhesion molecules that mediate neuron-neuron adhesion and neuron-astrocyte adhesion. They are expressed on neurons and Schwann cells, but not astrocytes and are involved in neuronal migration, neurite fasciculation, and outgrowth. Ng-CAM is immunologically and structurally distinct from NCAM.

Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal [M0024226]
Surface ligands that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion and function in the assembly and interconnection of the vertebrate nervous system. These molecules promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism. These are not to be confused with NEURAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES, now known to be expressed in a variety of tissues and cell types in addition to nervous tissue.

Cell Cycle Proteins [M0028143]
Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and phosphoprotein phosphatases (PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASE) as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

Cell Membrane Proteins [M0013342]

Cell Surface Proteins [M0013343]

Cellobiohydrolase A [M0445567]

Cellobiohydrolase I [M0445560]

Cellobiohydrolase II [M0445561]

Cellular Apoptosis Susceptibility Protein [M0253556]
A nucleocytoplasmic transport protein that binds to ALPHA KARYOPHERINS and RAN GTP BINDING PROTEIN inside the CELL NUCLEUS and participates in their export into CYTOPLASM. It is also associated with the regulation of APOPTOSIS and microtubule assembly.

Cellular Retinol Binding Protein [M0018963]

Cellulase [M0003782]
An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.

Cellulases [M0445478]
A family of glycosidases that hydrolyse crystalline CELLULOSE into soluble sugar molecules. Within this family there are a variety of enzyme subtypes with differing substrate specificities that must work together to bring about complete cellulose hydrolysis. They are found in structures called CELLULOSOMES.

Cellulose 1,4-beta-Cellobiosidase [M0073551]
An exocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE and cellotetraose. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing ends of beta-D-glucosides with release of CELLOBIOSE.

Centromere Protein B [M0147025]
A DNA-binding protein that interacts with a 17-base pair sequence known as the CENP-B box motif. The protein is localized constitutively to the CENTROMERE and plays an important role in its maintenance.

Cephalexin Amidase [M0003826]

Cephalosporin Acylase [M0016129]

Cephalosporinase [M0003825]

Ceramide Trihexosidase [M0003837]
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a ceramidetrihexoside to a ceramidedihexoside plus galactose. EC 3.2.1.47.

Ceramide-Diglyceride Kinase [M0029462]

Cerebroside Sulfate Activator Protein [M0063217]

Cerebroside-Sulfatase [M0003905]
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of cerebroside 3-sulfate (sulfatide) to yield a cerebroside and inorganic sulfate. A marked deficiency of arylsulfatase A, which is considered the heat-labile component of cerebroside sulfatase, has been demonstrated in all forms of metachromatic leukodystrophy (LEUKODYSTROPHY, METACHROMATIC). EC 3.1.6.8.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins [M0003908]
Proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid, normally albumin and globulin present in the ratio of 8 to 1. Increases in protein levels are of diagnostic value in neurological diseases. (Brain and Bannister's Clinical Neurology, 7th ed, p221)

Ceruloplasmin [M0003926]

Chalones [M0009655]
Peptides that inhibit mitosis (ANTIMITOTICS). During the 1960's the term referred to crude extracts that inhibited cell proliferation; the activity was later attributed to PYROGLUTAMATE type oligopeptides.

Chaperonin 10 [M0028190]
Members of the chaperonin heat-shock protein family. Chaperonin 10 purified from bacteria, plastids, or mitochondria occurs as an oligomer of seven identical subunits arranged in a single ring.

Chaperonin 60 [M0028189]
Members of the chaperonin heat-shock protein family. Chaperonin 60 purified from bacteria, plastids, or mitochondria is an oligomeric protein with a distinctive structure of fourteen subunits, arranged in two rings of seven subunits each.

Chaperonins [M0028187]
A class of sequence-related MOLECULAR CHAPERONES found in bacteria, mitochondria, and plastids. Chaperonins are abundant constitutive proteins that increase in amount after stresses such as heat shock, bacterial infection of macrophages, and an increase in the cellular content of unfolded proteins. Bacterial chaperonins are major immunogens in human bacterial infections because of their accumulation during the stress of infection. Two members of this class of chaperones are CHAPERONIN 10 and CHAPERONIN 60.

Charybdotoxin [M0028373]
A 37-amino acid residue peptide isolated from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus. It is a neurotoxin that inhibits calcium activated potassium channels.

Chemokine CCL2 [M0028301]
A chemokine that is a chemoattractant for human MONOCYTES and may also cause cellular activation of specific functions related to host defense. It is produced by LEUKOCYTES of both monocyte and lymphocyte lineage and by FIBROBLASTS during tissue injury.

Chemokines [M0028294]
Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C; (CHEMOKINES, C); CC; (CHEMOKINES, CC); and CXC; (CHEMOKINES, CXC); according to variations in a shared cysteine motif.

Chemokines, C [M0029311]
Group of chemokines without adjacent cysteines that are chemoattractants for lymphocytes only.

Chemokines, CC [M0029309]
Group of chemokines with adjacent cysteines that are chemoattractants for lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils but not neutrophils.

Chemokines, CX3C [M0328439]
Group of chemokines with the first two cysteines separated by three amino acids. CX3C chemokines are chemotactic for natural killer cells, monocytes, and activated T-cells.

Chemokines, CXC [M0029310]
Group of chemokines with paired cysteines separated by a different amino acid. CXC chemokines are chemoattractants for neutrophils but not monocytes.

Chemolase [M0333217]

Chimeric Proteins, Recombinant [M0026389]

Chimerin 1 [M0328168]
A GTPase activating protein that is specific for RAC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. It is expressed primarily in the brain and may be involved in signal transduction. The alternatively spliced form of CHIMERIN 1 (alpha-2 Chimerin) contains an additional src homology domain and is expressed in both the brain and testes.

Chimerin Proteins [M0328173]
A family of GTPASE-ACTIVATING PROTEINS that are specific for RAC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.

Chitin Synthase [M0004100]
An enzyme that converts UDP glucosamine into chitin and UDP. EC 2.4.1.16.

Chitin Synthase 1 [M0004102]

Chitin Synthetase 2 [M0004101]

Chitinase [M0004103]

Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase [M0023862]
An enzyme that catalyzes the acetylation of chloramphenicol to yield chloramphenicol 3-acetate. Since chloramphenicol 3-acetate does not bind to bacterial ribosomes and is not an inhibitor of peptidyltransferase, the enzyme is responsible for the naturally occurring chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria. The enzyme, for which variants are known, is found in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. EC 2.3.1.28.

Chloride Channels [M0027322]
Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for chloride ions.

Chloride Peroxidase [M0004141]
An enzyme that catalyzes the chlorination of a range of organic molecules, forming stable carbon-chloride bonds. EC 1.11.1.10.

Chloride-Bicarbonate Antiporters [M0124849]
Membrane proteins that allow the exchange of chloride ions for bicarbonate ions across the cellular membrane. The action of specific antiporters in this class serve important functions such as allowing the efficient exchange of bicarbonate across red blood cell membranes as they passage through capillaries and the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions by the kidney.

Chlorophyll a-Proteins [M0024716]

Chlorophyll ab-Proteins [M0024717]

Chlorophyll ac-Proteins [M0024718]

Chlorophyll Binding Proteins [M0024719]

Chloroplast Coupling Factor 0 [M0376151]

Chloroplast Coupling Factor 1 [M0376150]

Chloroplast Elongation Factor Tu [M0016219]
RN should be EC 3.6.1.-

Chloroplast Initiation Factors [M0419869]
Peptide initiation factors found in CHLOROPLASTS. Although specific factors may closely resemble those found in prokaryotes, they are eukaryotic factors and classed here under eukaryotic initiation factors.

Chloroplast Proton-Translocating ATPases [M0009729]
Proton-translocating ATPases which produce ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE in plants. They derive energy from light-driven reactions that develop high concentrations of protons within the membranous cisternae (THYLAKOIDS) of the CHLOROPLASTS.

Chlorpheniramine Tannate [M0423769]

Cholase [M0004301]

Cholecystokinin [M0004235]
A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.

Cholera Toxin [M0004245]
An ENTEROTOXIN from VIBRIO CHOLERAE. It consists of two major protomers, the heavy (H) or A subunit and the B protomer which consists of 5 light (L) or B subunits. The catalytic A subunit is proteolytically cleaved into fragments A1 and A2. The A1 fragment is a MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASE. The B protomer binds cholera toxin to intestinal epithelial cells, and facilitates the uptake of the A1 fragment. The A1 catalyzed transfer of ADP-RIBOSE to the alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G PROTEINS activates the production of CYCLIC AMP. Increased levels of cyclic AMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells.

Cholera Toxin Protomer A [M0004247]
The catalytic subunit of cholera toxin. It is proteolytically cleaved into fragments A1 and A2. The A1 fragment is a MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASE.

Choleragenoid [M0004246]
The nontoxic, pentameric B protomer of cholera toxin. The cell membrane binding component of cholera toxin.

Cholestenone 5 alpha-Reductase [M0072874]
An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of compounds that contain 5-alpha-cholestan-3-one into the cholest-4-en-3-one derivative. It plays an important role in the conversion of TESTOSTERONE into DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE and PROGESTERONE into DIHYDROPROGESTERONE.

Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase [M0004276]
A membrane-bound cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 7-alpha-hydroxylation of CHOLESTEROL in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP7, converts cholesterol to 7-alpha-hydroxycholesterol which is the first and rate-limiting step in the synthesis of BILE ACIDS.

Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins [M0067633]
Proteins that bind to and transfer CHOLESTEROL ESTERS between LIPOPROTEINS such as LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS and HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS.

Cholesterol Esterase [M0004273]
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of cholesterol and some other sterol esters, to liberate cholesterol plus a fatty acid anion.

Cholesterol Oxidase [M0004275]
An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of cholesterol in the presence of molecular oxygen to 4-cholesten-3-one and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme is not specific for cholesterol, but will also oxidize other 3-hydroxysteroids. EC 1.1.3.6.

Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme [M0004271]
A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the side-chain cleavage of C27 cholesterol to C21 pregnenolone in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11A1 gene, catalyzes the breakage between C20 and C22 which is the initial and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of various gonadal and adrenal steroid hormones.

Choline Dehydrogenase [M0072880]
An enzyme bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane that catalyzes the oxidation of CHOLINE to BETAINE.

Choline Kinase [M0004291]
An enzyme that is active in the first step of choline phosphoglyceride (lecithin) biosynthesis by catalyzing the phosphorylation of choline to phosphorylcholine in the presence of ATP. Ethanolamine and its methyl and ethyl derivatives can also act as acceptors. EC 2.7.1.32.

Choline O-Acetyltransferase [M0004289]
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline. EC 2.3.1.6.

Choline-Phosphate Cytidylyltransferase [M0029591]
An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of cytidylate (CMP) to choline phosphate to form CDPcholine. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in the choline pathway for the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine. Its activity is increased by glucocorticoids. EC 2.7.7.15.

Cholinesterases [M0004302]

Chondro-4-Sulfatase [M0004303]
An enzyme from the sulfuric ester hydrolase class that breaks down one of the products of the chondroitin lyase II reaction. EC 3.1.6.9.

Chondroitin ABC Lyase [M0029328]
An enzyme that catalyzes the eliminative degradation of polysaccharides containing 1,4-beta-D-hexosaminyl and 1,3-beta-D-glucuronosyl or 1,3-alpha-L-iduronosyl linkages to disaccharides containing 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.2.2.4.

Chondroitin B Lyase [M0004311]

Chondroitin Eliminase [M0004312]

Chondroitin Lyases [M0004313]
Enzymes which catalyze the elimination of delta-4,5-D-glucuronate residues from polysaccharides containing 1,4-beta-hexosaminyl and 1,3-beta-D-glucuronosyl or 1,3-alpha-L-iduronosyl linkages thereby bringing about depolymerization. EC 4.2.2.4 acts on chondroitin sulfate A and C as well as on dermatan sulfate and slowly on hyaluronate. EC 4.2.2.5 acts on chondroitin sulfate A and C.

Chondroitin Sulfate Lyase [M0004314]

Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan [M0017895]

Chondroitin Sulphate E Proteoglycan [M0017892]

Chondroitin-4-Sulfate Depolymerase [M0004323]

Chondroitinase-AC II [M0004315]

Chondroitinases [M0004325]

Chondroitinases and Chondroitin Lyases [M0004324]
Enzymes which catalyze the elimination of glucuronate residues from chondroitin A,B, and C or which catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfate groups of the 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose 6-sulfate units of chondroitin sulfate. EC 4.2.2.-.

Chondroitinsulfatases [M0004326]
A group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of various sulfate bonds of chondroitin sulfate. EC 3.1.6.-.

Choriogonin [M0009542]

Chorionic Gonadotropin [M0009545]
A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN).

Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human [M0028371]
The beta subunit of human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Its structure is similar to the beta subunit of LUTEINIZING HORMONE, except for the additional 30 amino acids at the carboxy end with the associated carbohydrate residues. HCG-beta is used as a diagnostic marker for early detection of pregnancy, spontaneous abortion (ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS); ECTOPIC PREGNANCY; HYDATIDIFORM MOLE; CHORIOCARCINOMA; or DOWN SYNDROME.

Chorionic Gonadotropin, Human [M0411989]

Chorismate Mutase [M0004343]
An isomerase that catalyzes the conversion of chorismic acid to prephenic acid. EC 5.4.99.5.

Chorismate Mutase-Prephenate Dehydratase [M0017551]

Chorismate Mutase-Prephenate Dehydrogenase [M0017553]

Chorulon [M0009543]

Chromatin [M0004370]
The material of CHROMOSOMES. It is a complex of DNA; HISTONES; and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell.

Chromobindins [M0140208]

Chromogranin A [M0492852]
A type of chromogranin which was first isolated from CHROMAFFIN CELLS of the ADRENAL MEDULLA but is also found in other tissues and in many species including human, bovine, rat, mouse, and others. It is an acidic protein with 431 to 445 amino acid residues. It contains fragments that inhibit vasoconstriction or release of hormones and neurotransmitter, while other fragments exert antimicrobial actions.

Chromogranin B [M0136113]
A type of chromogranin which was initially characterized in a rat PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA CELL LINE. It is found in many species including human, rat, mouse, and others. It is an acidic protein with 626 to 657 amino acid residues. In some species, it inhibits secretion of PARATHYROID HORMONE or INSULIN and exerts bacteriolytic effects in others.

Chromogranins [M0004395]
A group of acidic proteins that are major components of SECRETORY GRANULES in the endocrine and neuroendocrine cells. They play important roles in the aggregation, packaging, sorting, and processing of secretory protein prior to secretion. They are cleaved to release biologically active peptides. There are various types of granins, usually classified by their sources.

Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone [M0004403]
Nucleoproteins, which in contrast to HISTONES, are acid insoluble. They are involved in chromosomal functions; e.g. they bind selectively to DNA, stimulate transcription resulting in tissue-specific RNA synthesis and undergo specific changes in response to various hormones or phytomitogens.

Chylomicron Remnants [M0365537]
Metabolic products of chylomicron particles in which TRIGLYCERIDES have been selectively removed by the LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE. These remnants carry dietary lipids in the blood and are cholesterol-rich. Their interactions with MACROPHAGES; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; and SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS in the artery wall can lead to ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

Chylomicrons [M0004455]
A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary CHOLESTEROL and TRIGLYCERIDES from the SMALL INTESTINE to the tissues. Their density (0.93-1.006 g/ml) is the same as that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS.

Chymases [M0127894]
A family of neutral serine proteases with CHYMOTRYPSIN-like activity. Chymases are primarily found in the SECRETORY GRANULES of MAST CELLS and are released during mast cell degranulation.

Chymodiactin [M0333216]

Chymopapain [M0004458]
A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6.

Chymopapain A [M0004459]

Chymopapain B [M0004460]

Chymosin [M0018781]
The predominant milk-clotting enzyme from the true stomach or abomasum of the suckling calf. It is secreted as an inactive precursor called prorennin and converted in the acid environment of the stomach to the active enzyme. EC 3.4.23.4.

Chymosin A [M0018779]

Chymosin C [M0018780]

Chymotrypsin [M0004462]
A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.

Chymotrypsinogen [M0004468]

Chymotrypsinogen A [M0004469]

Chymotrypsinogen beta [M0004470]

Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor [M0328175]
A neurotrophic factor that promotes the survival of various neuronal cell types and may play an important role in the injury response in the nervous system.

Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Receptor alpha Subunit [M0332221]
A ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor subunit. It is anchored to the cell surface via GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL LINKAGE and has specificity for binding to CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR. It lacks signal transducing domains which are found on the other two subunits of the receptor.

CIP-KIP Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors [M0477621]

cis-4-Hydroxyproline [M0010777]

cis-trans-Isomerases [M0029312]
Enzymes that catalyze the rearrangement of geometry about double bonds. EC 5.2.

Citrate (si)-Synthase [M0004514]
Enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (CITRIC ACID CYCLE). It catalyzes the reaction of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA to form citrate and coenzyme A. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.7.

Citrulline [M0004523]

CL-118532 [M0337462]

Class 1 Semaphorins [M0209551]
Transmembrane proteins involved in axonal guidance of peripheral neurons in the developing CNS of invertebrates. Semaphorin-1 refers to the class of SEMAPHORINS with an extracellular sema domain and a short cytoplasmic domain. Sema-1 was first identified in grasshopper as fasciclin IV, and has since been described in Drosophila and C. elegans. Two distinct members of this class of semaphorins exist: SEMA-1a (the original sema-1) and SEMA-1b, a homologous protein isolated from Drosophila which may be more important for neuronal differentiation than migration.

Class 2 Semaphorins [M0421692]

Class 3 Semaphorins [M0421693]

Class 4 Semaphorins [M0421694]

Class 5 Semaphorins [M0421695]

Class 6 Semaphorins [M0421729]

Class 7 Semaphorins [M0421730]

Class V Semaphorins [M0421731]

Clathrin [M0004541]
The main structural coat protein of COATED VESICLES which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. Each molecule of clathrin consists of three light chains (CLATHRIN LIGHT CHAINS) and three heavy chains (CLATHRIN HEAVY CHAINS) that form a structure called a triskelion. Clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins.

Clathrin Adaptors [M0404724]

Clathrin Assembly Protein Complex alpha Subunit [M0404743]

Clathrin Assembly Protein Complex beta Subunits [M0404744]

Clathrin Assembly Protein Complex delta Subunits [M0404763]

Clathrin Assembly Protein Complex gamma Subunits [M0404764]

Clathrin Assembly Protein Complex mu Subunits [M0404765]

Clathrin Assembly Protein Complex sigma Subunits [M0404773]

Clathrin Assembly Protein Complexes [M0404565]

Clathrin Assembly Protein Subunits [M0404775]

Clathrin Heavy Chains [M0266224]
The heavy chain subunits of clathrin.

Clathrin Light Chains [M0404383]
The light chain subunits of clathrin.

Claversal [M0029391]

Cleavage And Polyadenylation Specificity Factor [M0418575]
An RNA-binding protein that recognizes the AAUAAA RNA SEQUENCE at the 3' end of MRNA. It contains four subunits of 30, 73, 100 and 160 kDa molecular size and combines with CLEAVAGE STIMULATION FACTOR to form a stable complex with mRNA that directs the 3' cleavage and polyadenylation reaction.

Cleavage And Polyadenylation Specificity Factor, 100-kDa Subunit [M0418590]

Cleavage And Polyadenylation Specificity Factor, 160-kDa Subunit [M0418591]

Cleavage And Polyadenylation Specificity Factor, 30-kDa Subunit [M0195396]

Cleavage And Polyadenylation Specificity Factor, 73-kDa Subunit [M0418589]

Cleavage Stimulation Factor [M0195405]
A RNA-binding protein that stimulates the cleavage of the 3' end of MRNA near the POLYADENYLATION site. It is a heterotrimer of 55-, 64- and 77-kDa subunits and combines with CLEAVAGE STIMULATION FACTOR to form a stable complex with mRNA that directs the 3' cleavage and polyadenylation reaction.

Cloacin [M0004575]
A bacteriocin produced by a plasmid that can occur in several bacterial strains. It is a basic protein of molecular weight 56,000 and exists in a complex with its immunity protein which protects the host bacterium from its effects.

Cloacin Complex [M0004576]

Cloacin-Immunity Protein Complex [M0004577]

Clofen [M0454551]

Clorgyline-Resistant Amine Oxidase [M0002390]

Clupeine [M0004651]

Clusterin [M0082230]
A highly conserved heterodimeric glycoprotein that is differentially expressed during many severe physiological disturbance states such as CANCER; APOPTOSIS; and various NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. Clusterin is ubiquitously expressed and appears to function as a secreted MOLECULAR CHAPERONE.

CNP-53 [M0029832]

Co(II)-Aspartate Transcarbamoylase [M0001828]

Coagulase [M0004656]
Enzymes that cause coagulation in plasma by forming a complex with human PROTHROMBIN. Coagulases are produced by certain STAPHYLOCOCCUS and YERSINIA PESTIS. Staphylococci produce two types of coagulase: Staphylocoagulase, a free coagulase that produces true clotting of plasma, and Staphylococcal clumping factor, a bound coagulase in the cell wall that induces clumping of cells in the presence of fibrinogen.

Coat Protein Complex I [M0328620]
A protein complex comprised of COATOMER PROTEIN and ADP RIBOSYLATION FACTOR 1. It is involved in transport of vesicles between the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and the GOLGI APPARATUS.

Coatomer alpha Subunit [M0331702]

Coatomer beta Subunit [M0331704]

Coatomer delta Subunit [M0331705]

Coatomer epsilon Subunit [M0331706]

Coatomer gamma Subunit [M0331708]

Coatomer Protein [M0328488]
A 700-kDa cytosolic protein complex consisting of seven equimolar subunits (alpha, beta, beta', gamma, delta, epsilon and zeta). COATOMER PROTEIN and ADP-RIBOSYLATION FACTOR 1 are principle components of COAT PROTEIN COMPLEX I and are involved in vesicle transport between the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and the GOLGI APPARATUS.

Coatomer zeta Subunit [M0331707]

Cobalophilin [M0021776]

Cobalt Enolase [M0016708]

Cobalt Superoxide Dismutase [M0020826]

Cod�tricine [M0477139]

Codotussyl [M0445989]

Coenzyme A Ligases [M0004713]
Enzymes that catalyze the formation of acyl-CoA derivatives. EC 6.2.1.

Coenzyme A-Transferases [M0023496]
Enzymes which transfer coenzyme A moieties from acyl- or acetyl-CoA to various carboxylic acceptors forming a thiol ester. Enzymes in this group are instrumental in ketone body metabolism and utilization of acetoacetate in mitochondria. EC 2.8.3.

Cofilin 1 [M0480172]
Cofilin 1 is a member of the cofilin family of proteins that is expressed in non-muscle CELLS. It has ACTIN depolymerization activity that is dependent on HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION.

Cofilin 2 [M0394534]
A member of the cofilin family of proteins that is expressed in MUSCLE CELLS. It has ACTIN depolymerization activity that is dependent on HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION.

Colestipol Hydrochloride [M0423709]

Colicin A [M0004744]

Colicin B [M0004745]

Colicin E1 [M0004746]

Colicin E2 [M0004747]

Colicin E3 [M0004748]

Colicin E8 [M0004759]

Colicin HSC10 [M0004749]

Colicin Ia [M0004750]

Colicin Ib [M0004751]

Colicin K [M0004752]

Colicin K-K235 [M0004753]

Colicin M [M0004754]

Colicin N [M0004755]

Colicin V [M0004756]

Colicins [M0004757]
Bacteriocins elaborated by strains of Escherichia coli and related species. They are proteins or protein-lipopolysaccharide complexes lethal to other strains of the same species.

Colicins E [M0004758]

Colicins E9 [M0004760]

Colipase A [M0004763]

Colipase B [M0004764]

Colipases [M0004765]
Colipase I and II, consisting of 94-95 and 84-85 amino acid residues, respectively, have been isolated from porcine pancreas. Their role is to prevent the inhibitory effect of bile salts on the lipase-catalyzed intraduodenal hydrolysis of dietary long-chain triglycerides.

Colistin [M0004767]
Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.

Colistin Sulfate [M0004768]

Colistin Sulfomethate [M0004769]

Collagen [M0004775]
A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).

Collagen Felt [M0004776]

Collagen Fleece [M0004786]

Collagen Type I [M0004788]
The most common form of fibrillar collagen. It is a major constituent of bone (BONE AND BONES) and SKIN and consists of a heterotrimer of two alpha1(I) and one alpha2(I) chains.

Collagen Type I, alpha1 Subunit [M0369293]

Collagen Type I, alpha2 Subunit [M0004773]

Collagen Type II [M0004777]
A fibrillar collagen found predominantly in CARTILAGE and vitreous humor. It consists of three identical alpha1(II) chains.

Collagen Type II, alpha1 Subunit [M0369296]

Collagen Type III [M0004778]
A fibrillar collagen consisting of three identical alpha1(III) chains that is widely distributed in many tissues containing COLLAGEN TYPE I. It is particularly abundant in BLOOD VESSELS and may play a role in tissues with elastic characteristics.

Collagen Type III, alpha1 Chain [M0369299]

Collagen Type IV [M0004779]
A non-fibrillar collagen found in the structure of BASEMENT MEMBRANE. Collagen type IV molecules assemble to form a sheet-like network which is involved in maintaining the structural integrity of basement membranes. The predominant form of the protein is comprised of two alpha1(IV) subunits and one alpha2(IV) subunit, however, at least six different alpha subunits can be incorporated into the heterotrimer.

Collagen Type IV, alpha1 Subunit [M0369423]

Collagen Type IV, alpha2 Subunit [M0369424]

Collagen Type IX [M0004780]
A fibril-associated collagen usually found crosslinked to the surface of COLLAGEN TYPE II fibrils. It is a heterotrimer containing alpha1(IX), alpha2(IX) and alpha3(IX) subunits.

Collagen Type IX, alpha1 Subunit [M0369330]

Collagen Type IX, alpha2 Subunit [M0369331]

Collagen Type IX, alpha3 Subunit [M0369332]

Collagen Type V [M0004781]
A fibrillar collagen found widely distributed as a minor component in tissues that contain COLLAGEN TYPE I and COLLAGEN TYPE III. It is a heterotrimeric molecule composed of alpha1(V), alpha2(V) and alpha3(V) subunits. Several forms of collagen type V exist depending upon the composition of the subunits that form the trimer.

Collagen Type V, alpha1 Subunit [M0369301]

Collagen Type V, alpha2 Subunit [M0370197]

Collagen Type V, alpha3 Subunit [M0370198]

Collagen Type VI [M0004782]
A non-fibrillar collagen that forms a network of MICROFIBRILS within the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. The alpha subunits of collagen type VI assemble into antiparallel, overlapping dimers which then align to form tetramers.

Collagen Type VI, alpha1 Subunit [M0369433]

Collagen Type VI, alpha2 Subunit [M0369434]

Collagen Type VI, alpha3 Subunit [M0369435]

Collagen Type VII [M0004783]
A non-fibrillar collagen involved in anchoring the epidermal BASEMENT MEMBRANE to underlying tissue. It is a homotrimer comprised of C-terminal and N-terminal globular domains connected by a central triple-helical region.

Collagen Type VII, alpha1 Subunit [M0369443]

Collagen Type VIII [M0004784]
A non-fibrillar collagen originally found in DESCEMET MEMBRANE. It is expressed in endothelial cell layers and in tissues undergoing active remodeling. It is heterotrimer comprised of alpha1(VIII) and alpha2(VIII) chains.

Collagen Type X [M0004785]
A non-fibrillar collagen found primarily in terminally differentiated hypertrophic CHONDROCYTES. It is a homotrimer of three identical alpha1(X) subunits.

Collagen Type X, alpha1 Subunit [M0369412]

Collagen Type XI [M0004789]
A fibrillar collagen found primarily in interstitial CARTILAGE. Collagen type XI is heterotrimer containing alpha1(XI), alpha2(XI) and alpha3(XI) subunits.

Collagen Type XI, alpha1 Subunit [M0369487]

Collagen Type XI, alpha2 Subunit [M0369488]

Collagen Type XI, alpha3 Subunit [M0369489]

Collagen Type XII [M0004790]
A fibril-associated collagen found in many tissues bearing high tensile stress, such as TENDONS and LIGAMENTS. It is comprised of a trimer of three identical alpha1(XII) chains.

Collagen Type XII, alpha1 Subunit [M0369372]

Collagen Type XIII [M0004791]
A non-fibrillar collagen found as a ubiquitously expressed membrane- associated protein. Type XIII collagen contains both collagenous and non-collagenous domains along with a transmembrane domain within its N-terminal region.

Collagen Type XIII, alpha1 Subunit [M0369516]

Collagen Type XVIII [M0442508]
A non-fibrillar collagen found in BASEMENT MEMBRANE. The C-terminal end of the alpha1 chain of collagen type XVIII contains the ENDOSTATIN peptide, which can be released by proteolytic cleavage.

Collagen Type XVIII, alpha1 Subunit [M0227652]

Collagen Type-VIII, alpha1 Subunit [M0369413]

Collagenase Inhibitor [M0029269]

Collagenase-Like Peptidase [M0004634]

Collagenases [M0026363]
Enzymes that catalyze the degradation of collagen by acting on the peptide bonds. EC 3.4.24.-.

Collastat [M0369416]

Collectins [M0086742]
A class of C-type lectins that target the carbohydrate structures found on invading pathogens. Binding of collectins to microorganisms results in their agglutination and enhanced clearance. Collectins form trimers that may assemble into larger oligomers. Each collectin polypeptide chain consists of four regions: a relatively short N-terminal region, a collagen-like region, an alpha-helical coiled-coil region, and carbohydrate-binding region.

Colony-Stimulating Factors [M0004822]
Glycoproteins found in a subfraction of normal mammalian plasma and urine. They stimulate the proliferation of bone marrow cells in agar cultures and the formation of colonies of granulocytes and/or macrophages. The factors include INTERLEUKIN-3; (IL-3); GRANULOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; (G-CSF); MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; (M-CSF); and GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; (GM-CSF).

Colony-Stimulating Factors, Recombinant [M0028829]
COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Colostral IgA [M0011003]

Coly-Mycin [M0372333]

Complement Activating Enzymes [M0004917]
Enzymes that activate one or more COMPLEMENT PROTEINS in the complement system leading to the formation of the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX, an important response in host defense. They are enzymes in the various COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION pathways.

Complement C1 [M0004924]
The first complement component to act in the activation of CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. It is a calcium-dependent trimolecular complex made up of three subcomponents: COMPLEMENT C1Q; COMPLEMENT C1R; and COMPLEMENT C1S at 1:2:2 ratios. When the intact C1 binds to at least two antibodies (involving C1q), C1r and C1s are sequentially activated, leading to subsequent steps in the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION.

Complement C1 Inactivator Proteins [M0004926]
Serum proteins that inhibit, antagonize, or inactivate COMPLEMENT C1 or its subunits.

Complement C1 Inhibitor Protein [M0476632]
An endogenous serine protease inhibitor (SERPINS). It is a 105-kDA plasma glycoprotein, encoded by C1NH gene and produced primarily by the liver and monocytes. It inhibits a broad spectrum of proteases, including the COMPLEMENT C1R and the COMPLEMENT C1S proteases of the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY, and the MANNOSE-BINDING PROTEIN-ASSOCIATED SERINE PROTEASES. C1-INH-deficient individuals suffer from hereditary ANGIONEUROTIC EDEMA.

Complement C1q [M0024366]
A subcomponent of complement C1, composed of six copies of three polypeptide chains (A, B, and C), each encoded by a separate gene (C1QA; C1QB; C1QC). This complex is arranged in nine subunits (six disulfide-linked dimers of A and B, and three disulfide-linked homodimers of C). C1q has binding sites for antibodies (the heavy chain of IMMUNOGLOBULIN G or IMMUNOGLOBULIN M). The interaction of C1q and immunoglobulin activates the two proenzymes COMPLEMENT C1R and COMPLEMENT C1S, thus initiating the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION via the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY.

Complement C1r [M0024367]
A 80-kDa subcomponent of complement C1, existing as a SERINE PROTEASE proenzyme in the intact complement C1 complex. When COMPLEMENT C1Q is bound to antibodies, the changed tertiary structure causes autolytic activation of complement C1r which is cleaved into two chains, A (heavy) and B (light, the serine protease), connected by disulfide bonds. The activated C1r serine protease, in turn, activates COMPLEMENT C1S proenzyme by cleaving the Arg426-Ile427 bond. No fragment is released when either C1r or C1s is cleaved.

Complement C1r Protease Inhibitor Proteins [M0476631]

Complement C1s [M0004925]
A 77-kDa subcomponent of complement C1, encoded by gene C1S, is a SERINE PROTEASE existing as a proenzyme (homodimer) in the intact complement C1 complex. Upon the binding of COMPLEMENT C1Q to antibodies, the activated COMPLEMENT C1R cleaves C1s into two chains, A (heavy) and B (light, the serine protease), linked by disulfide bonds yielding the active C1s. The activated C1s, in turn, cleaves COMPLEMENT C2 and COMPLEMENT C4 to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL C3 CONVERTASE).

Complement C1s Esterase Inhibitor Proteins [M0476630]

Complement C2 [M0004927]
A component of the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. C2 is cleaved by activated COMPLEMENT C1S into COMPLEMENT C2B and COMPLEMENT C2A. C2a, the COOH-terminal fragment containing a SERINE PROTEASE, combines with COMPLEMENT C4B to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE) and subsequent C4b2a3b (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C5 CONVERTASE).

Complement C2a [M0138655]
The COOH-terminal fragment of COMPLEMENT 2, released by the action of activated COMPLEMENT C1S. It is a SERINE PROTEASE. C2a combines with COMPLEMENT C4B to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE) and subsequent C4b2a3b (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C5 CONVERTASE).

Complement C2b [M0132802]
The N-terminal fragment of COMPLEMENT 2, released by the action of activated COMPLEMENT C1S.

Complement C3 [M0004928]
A glycoprotein that is central in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C3 can be cleaved into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, spontaneously at low level or by C3 CONVERTASE at high level. The smaller fragment C3a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of local inflammatory process. The larger fragment C3b binds with C3 convertase to form C5 convertase.

Complement C3 Convertase, Alternative Pathway [M0476518]
A serine protease that is the complex of COMPLEMENT C3B and COMPLEMENT FACTOR BB. It cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT C3 into COMPLEMENT C3A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT C3B in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY.

Complement C3 Convertase, Classical Pathway [M0476526]
A serine protease that cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT 3 into COMPLEMENT 3A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT 3B in the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. It is a complex of COMPLEMENT 4B and COMPLEMENT 2A (C4b2a).

Complement C3 Convertase, CVFBb [M0481023]
Cobra venom factor (CVF) is a COMPLEMENT C3B analog. With Bb, CVF forms the CVFBb complex, a COMPLEMENT C3 convertase with a half-life of 7 h at body temperature as compared to 1.5 min for the C3bBb complex. The cobra venom-derived enzyme causes continuous COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION and depletion of downstream complement components.

Complement C3 Convertases [M0004929]
Serine proteases that cleaves C3 at the carboxyl of Arg-77 of the alpha-chain to yield COMPLEMENT 3A and COMPLEMENT 3B in either the classical or the alternative pathways of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION.

Complement C3 Nephritic Factor [M0004930]
An IgG autoantibody against the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT C3 CONVERTASE (C3bBb), found in serum of patients with MESANGIOCAPILLARY GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. The binding of this autoantibody to C3bBb stabilizes the enzyme thus reduces the actions of C3b inactivators (COMPLEMENT FACTOR H; COMPLEMENT FACTOR I). This abnormally stabilized enzyme induces a continuous COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION and generation of C3b thereby promoting the assembly of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX and cytolysis.

Complement C3 Precursor [M0102971]

Complement C3-C5 Convertases [M0476514]
Serine proteases that cleave COMPLEMENT C3 into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, or cleave COMPLEMENT C5 into COMPLEMENT C5A and COMPLEMENT C5B. These include the different forms of C3/C5 convertases in the classical and the alternative pathways of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Both cleavages take place at the C-terminal of an ARGININE residue.

Complement C3-C5 Convertases, Alternative Pathway [M0476517]
Important enzymes in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. They cleave COMPLEMENT C3 and COMPLEMENT C5.

Complement C3-C5 Convertases, Classical Pathway [M0476525]
Important enzymes in the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. They cleave COMPLEMENT C3 and COMPLEMENT C5.

Complement C3a [M0024371]
The smaller fragment generated from the cleavage of complement C3 by C3 CONVERTASE. C3a, a 77-amino acid peptide, is a mediator of local inflammatory process. It induces smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION, and HISTAMINE RELEASE from MAST CELLS and LEUKOCYTES. C3a is considered an anaphylatoxin along with COMPLEMENT C4A; COMPLEMENT C5A; and COMPLEMENT C5A, DES-ARGININE.

Complement C3b [M0004932]
The larger fragment generated from the cleavage of COMPLEMENT C3 by C3 CONVERTASE. It is a constituent of the ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C3bBb), and COMPLEMENT C5 CONVERTASES in both the classical (C4b2a3b) and the alternative (C3bBb3b) pathway. C3b participates in IMMUNE ADHERENCE REACTION and enhances PHAGOCYTOSIS. It can be inactivated (iC3b) or cleaved by various proteases to yield fragments such as COMPLEMENT C3C; COMPLEMENT C3D; C3e; C3f; and C3g.

Complement C3b Inactivator Proteins [M0004933]
Endogenous proteins that inhibit or inactivate COMPLEMENT C3B. They include COMPLEMENT FACTOR H and COMPLEMENT FACTOR I (C3b/C4b inactivator). They cleave or promote the cleavage of C3b into inactive fragments, and thus are important in the down-regulation of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION and its cytolytic sequence.

Complement C3c [M0024377]
A 206-amino-acid fragment in the alpha chain (672-1663) of C3b. It is generated when C3b is inactivated (iC3b) and its alpha chain is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I into C3c (749-954), and C3dg (955-1303) in the presence COMPLEMENT FACTOR H.

Complement C3d [M0024378]
A 302-amino-acid fragment in the alpha chain (672-1663) of C3b. It is generated when C3b is inactivated (iC3b) and its alpha chain is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I into C3c, and C3dg (955-1303) in the presence COMPLEMENT FACTOR H. Serum proteases further degrade C3dg into C3d (1002-1303) and C3g (955-1001).

Complement C4 [M0004934]
A glycoprotein that is important in the activation of CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. C4 is cleaved by the activated COMPLEMENT C1S into COMPLEMENT C4A and COMPLEMENT C4B.

Complement C4, Precursor [M0086190]

Complement C4a [M0024379]
The smaller fragment formed when complement C4 is cleaved by COMPLEMENT C1S. It is an anaphylatoxin that causes symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE) but its activity is weaker than that of COMPLEMENT C3A or COMPLEMENT C5A.

Complement C4b [M0024380]
The large fragment formed when COMPLEMENT C4 is cleaved by COMPLEMENT C1S. The membrane-bound C4b binds COMPLEMENT C2A, a SERINE PROTEASE, to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE) and subsequent C4b2a3b (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C5 CONVERTASE).

Complement C4b-Binding Protein [M0096952]
A serum protein that regulates the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. It binds as a cofactor to COMPLEMENT FACTOR I which then hydrolyzes the COMPLEMENT C4B in the CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C4bC2a).

Complement C5 [M0004937]
C5 plays a central role in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C5 is cleaved by C5 CONVERTASE into COMPLEMENT C5A and COMPLEMENT C5B. The smaller fragment C5a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of inflammatory process. The major fragment C5b binds to the membrane initiating the spontaneous assembly of the late complement components, C5-C9, into the MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

Complement C5 Convertase, Alternative Pathway [M0476519]
A serine protease that cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT C5 into COMPLEMENT C5A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT C5B in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. It is the complex of ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C3bBb) with an additional COMPLEMENT C3B, or C3bBb3b.

Complement C5 Convertase, Classical Pathway [M0476527]
A serine protease that cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT 5 into COMPLEMENT 5A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT 5B in the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. It is a complex of CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C4b2a) with an additional COMPLEMENT C3B, or C4b2a3b.

Complement C5 Convertases [M0476516]
Serine proteases that cleaves C5 at the carboxyl of Arg-74 of the alpha-chain to yield COMPLEMENT 5A and COMPLEMENT 5B in either the classical or the alternative pathways of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION.

Complement C5, Precursor [M0187443]

Complement C5a [M0024381]
The minor fragment formed when C5 convertase cleaves C5 into C5a and COMPLEMENT C5B. C5a is a 74-amino-acid glycopeptide with a carboxy-terminal ARGININE that is crucial for its spasmogenic activity. Of all the complement-derived anaphylatoxins, C5a is the most potent in mediating immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE), smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION; HISTAMINE RELEASE; and migration of LEUKOCYTES to site of INFLAMMATION.

Complement C5a, des-Arginine [M0024382]
A derivative of complement C5a, generated when the carboxy-terminal ARGININE is removed by CARBOXYPEPTIDASE B present in normal human serum. C5a des-Arg shows complete loss of spasmogenic activity though it retains some chemotactic ability (CHEMOATTRACTANTS).

Complement C5b [M0105345]
The larger fragment generated from the cleavage of C5 by C5 CONVERTASE that yields COMPLEMENT C5A and C5b (beta chain + alpha' chain, the residual alpha chain, bound by disulfide bond). C5b remains bound to the membrane and initiates the spontaneous assembly of the late complement components to form C5b-8-poly-C9, the MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

Complement C6 [M0004938]
A 105-kDa serum glycoprotein with significant homology to the other late complement components, C7-C9. It is a polypeptide chain cross-linked by 32 disulfide bonds. C6 is the next complement component to bind to the membrane-bound COMPLEMENT C5B in the assembly of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. It is encoded by gene C6.

Complement C7 [M0004939]
A 93-kDa serum glycoprotein encoded by C7 gene. It is a polypeptide chain with 28 disulfide bridges. In the formation of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX; C7 is the next component to bind the C5b-6 complex forming a trimolecular complex C5b-7 which is lipophilic, resembles an integral membrane protein, and serves as an anchor for the late complement components, C8 and C9.

Complement C8 [M0004940]
A 150-kDa serum glycoprotein composed of three subunits with each encoded by a different gene (C8A; C8B; and C8G). This heterotrimer contains a disulfide-linked C8alpha-C8gamma heterodimer and a noncovalently associated C8beta chain. C8 is the next component to bind the C5-7 complex forming C5b-8 that binds COMPLEMENT C9 and acts as a catalyst in the polymerization of C9.

Complement C9 [M0004941]
A 63-kDa serum glycoprotein encoded by gene C9. Monomeric C9 (mC9) binds the C5b-8 complex to form C5b-9 which catalyzes the polymerization of C9 forming C5b-p9 (MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) and transmembrane channels leading to lysis of the target cell. Patients with C9 deficiency suffer from recurrent bacterial infections.

Complement Component C8 alpha [M0477757]

Complement Component C8 beta [M0477758]

Complement Component C8 gamma [M0477759]

Complement Cytolysis Inhibiting Agents [M0476624]

Complement Cytolysis Inhibitor Proteins [M0479105]

Complement Factor B [M0017749]
A glycine-rich, heat-labile serum glycoprotein that contains a component of the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT C3 CONVERTASE (C3bBb). Bb, a serine protease, is generated when factor B is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR D into Ba and Bb.

Complement Factor Ba [M0017750]

Complement Factor Bb [M0469165]

Complement Factor D [M0017753]
A serum protein which is important in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. This enzyme cleaves the COMPLEMENT C3B-bound COMPLEMENT FACTOR B to form C3bBb which is ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE.

Complement Factor H [M0026162]
An important soluble regulator of the alternative pathway of complement activation (COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY, ALTERNATIVE). It is a 139-kDa glycoprotein expressed by the liver and secreted into the blood. It binds to COMPLEMENT C3B and makes iC3b (inactivated complement 3b) susceptible to cleavage by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I. Complement factor H also inhibits the association of C3b with COMPLEMENT FACTOR B to form the C3bB proenzyme, and promotes the dissociation of Bb from the C3bBb complex (COMPLEMENT C3 CONVERTASE, ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY).

Complement Factor I [M0026165]
A plasma serine proteinase that cleaves the alpha-chains of C3b and C4b in the presence of the cofactors COMPLEMENT FACTOR H and C4-binding protein, respectively. It is a 66-kDa glycoprotein that converts C3b to inactivated C3b (iC3b) followed by the release of two fragments, C3c (150-kDa) and C3dg (41-kDa). It was formerly called KAF, C3bINF, or enzyme 3b inactivator.

Complement Inactivator Proteins [M0004921]
Serum proteins that negatively regulate the cascade process of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Uncontrolled complement activation and resulting cell lysis is potentially dangerous for the host. The complement system is tightly regulated by inactivators that accelerate the decay of intermediates and certain cell surface receptors.

Complement Membrane Attack Complex [M0024383]
A product of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION cascade, regardless of the pathways, that forms transmembrane channels causing disruption of the target CELL MEMBRANE and cell lysis. It is formed by the sequential assembly of terminal complement components (COMPLEMENT C5B; COMPLEMENT C6; COMPLEMENT C7; COMPLEMENT C8; and COMPLEMENT C9) into the target membrane. The resultant C5b-8-poly-C9 is the "membrane attack complex" or MAC.

Complement Receptor Type 1 [M0018567]

Complement System Proteins [M0004915]
Serum glycoproteins participating in the host defense mechanism of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION that creates the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Included are glycoproteins in the various pathways of complement activation (CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; and LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY).

Complementarity Determining Region 1 [M0359512]

Complementarity Determining Region 2 [M0359513]

Complementarity Determining Region 3 [M0359514]

Complementarity Determining Regions [M0359304]
Three regions (CDR1; CDR2 and CDR3) of amino acid sequence in the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION that are highly divergent. Together the CDRs from the light and heavy immunoglobulin chains form a surface that is complementary to the antigen. These regions are also present in other members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, for example, T-cell receptors (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL).

Conalbumin [M0004981]
A glycoprotein albumin from hen's egg white with strong iron-binding affinity.

Concanavalin A [M0004982]
A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.

Connexin 43 [M0027217]
A 43-kDa peptide which is a member of the connexin family of gap junction proteins. Connexin 43 is a product of a gene in the alpha class of connexin genes (the alpha-1 gene). It was first isolated from mammalian heart, but is widespread in the body including the brain.

Connexins [M0026696]
A group of homologous proteins which form the intermembrane channels of GAP JUNCTIONS. The connexins are the products of an identified gene family which has both highly conserved and highly divergent regions. The variety contributes to the wide range of functional properties of gap junctions.

Conotoxins [M0328109]
Peptide neurotoxins from the marine fish-hunting snails of the genus CONUS. They contain 13 to 29 amino acids which are strongly basic and are highly cross-linked by disulfide bonds. There are three types of conotoxins, omega-, alpha-, and mu-. OMEGA-CONOTOXINS inhibit voltage-activated entry of calcium into the presynaptic membrane and therefore the release of ACETYLCHOLINE. Alpha-conotoxins inhibit the postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor. Mu-conotoxins prevent the generation of muscle action potentials. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)

Contractile Proteins [M0005127]
Proteins which participate in contractile processes. They include MUSCLE PROTEINS as well as those found in other cells and tissues. In the latter, these proteins participate in localized contractile events in the cytoplasm, in motile activity, and in cell aggregation phenomena.

Contrykal [M0011909]

Copper Cystinate [M0005554]

Copper Penicillaminate [M0016120]

Coproporphyrinogen Oxidase [M0005157]
An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of coproporphyrinogen III to protoporphyrinogen IX by the conversion of two propionate groups to two vinyl groups. It is the sixth enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME, and is encoded by CPO gene. Mutations of CPO gene result in HEREDITARY COPROPORPHYRIA.

Cordilox [M0022605]

Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit [M0276678]
A transcription factor that dimerizes with CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT to form core binding factor. It contains a highly conserved DNA-binding domain known as the runt domain and is involved in genetic regulation of skeletal development and CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit [M0215816]
A transcription factor that dimerizes with the cofactor CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT to form core binding factor. It contains a highly conserved DNA-binding domain known as the runt domain. Runx1 is frequently mutated in human LEUKEMIAS.

Core Binding Factor Alpha 3 Subunit [M0399600]
A transcription factor that dimerizes with the cofactor CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT to form core binding factor. It contains a highly conserved DNA-binding domain known as the runt domain.

Core Binding Factor alpha Subunits [M0151835]
A family of transcription factors that bind to the cofactor CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT to form core binding factor. Family members contain a highly conserved DNA-binding domain known as the runt domain. They can act as both activators and repressors of expression of GENES involved in CELL DIFFERENTIATION and CELL CYCLE progression.

Core Binding Factor beta Subunit [M0477050]
A non-DNA binding transcription factor that is a subunit of core binding factor. It forms heterodimeric complexes with CORE BINDING FACTOR ALPHA SUBUNITS, and regulates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a variety of GENES involved primarily in CELL DIFFERENTIATION and CELL CYCLE progression.

Core Binding Factors [M0211900]
Heterodimeric transcription factors containing a DNA-binding alpha subunits, (CORE BINDING FACTOR ALPHA SUBUNITS), along with a non-DNA-binding beta subunits, CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT. Core Binding Factor regulates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a variety of GENES involved primarily in CELL DIFFERENTIATION and CELL CYCLE progression.

Core I Protein, Ubiquinol-Cytochrome c Reductase [M0190307]

Core II Protein, Ubiquinol-Cytochrome c Reductase [M0190309]

Core Protein lambda 2 [M0022697]

Core Protein V [M0022698]

Corona Virus Membrane Protein E1 [M0022708]

Coronavirus gpE1 [M0022709]

Coronavirus Peplomer Protein E1 [M0022710]

Coronavirus Peplomer Protein E2 JHM [M0022711]

Cortactin [M0214241]
A microfilament protein that interacts with F-ACTIN and regulates cortical actin assembly and organization. It is also an SH3 DOMAIN containing phosphoprotein, and it mediates tyrosine PHOSPHORYLATION based SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION by PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(C-SRC).

Corticosteroid-Anionbinder IIIA [M0021785]

Corticotropin-Like Intermediate Lobe Peptide [M0066247]
A peptide derived from the cleavage of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE, found primarily in the INTERMEDIATE LOBE OF PITUITARY but also in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS of basal HYPOTHALAMUS. Its sequence is identical to the C-terminal 22-amino acids of ACTH or ACTH 18-39.

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone [M0005218]
A peptide of about 41 amino acids that stimulates the release of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. CRH is synthesized by neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, CRH stimulates the release of ACTH from the PITUITARY GLAND. CRH can also be synthesized in other tissues, such as PLACENTA; ADRENAL MEDULLA; and TESTIS.

Cortisone Reductase [M0005221]
An enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of a ketone and hydroxy group at C-20 of cortisone and other 17,20,21-trihydroxy steroids. EC 1.1.1.53.

Cortosyn [M0372335]

Cortrosyn [M0372334]

Cosmegen [M0354002]

Cosyntropin [M0005246]
A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.

Cotazym-S [M0474885]

Cotazyme [M0045745]

COUP Transcription Factor I [M0162933]
A COUP transcription factor that was originally identified as a homodimer that binds to a direct repeat regulatory element in the chicken albumin PROMOTOR. It is a transcription factor that plays an important role in EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

COUP Transcription Factor II [M0184000]
A COUP transcription factor that plays a role as a negative regulator of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION that competes with other hormone receptors for the common response element AGGTCA. It can also stimulate transcription of genes involved in the METABOLISM of GLUCOSE and CHOLESTEROL.

COUP Transcription Factors [M0373129]
A sub-family of steroid receptor transcription factors with specificity for a variety of DNA sequences related to AGGTCA. They can heterodimerize with a variety of factors including RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS; THYROID HORMONE RECEPTORS; and VITAMIN D RECEPTORS.

CP-10,188 [M0363633]

CRADD Signaling Adaptor Protein [M0492988]
A death domain receptor signaling adaptor protein that plays a role in signaling the activation of INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 2. It contains a death domain that is specific for RIP SERINE THEONINE KINASES and a caspase-binding domain that binds to and activates CASPASES such as CASPASE 2.

Crasnitin [M0434510]

Creatine [M0005292]
An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as CREATININE in the urine.

Creatine Kinase [M0005293]
A transferase that catalyzes formation of PHOSPHOCREATINE from ATP + CREATINE. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic ISOENZYMES have been identified in human tissues: the MM type from SKELETAL MUSCLE, the MB type from myocardial tissue and the BB type from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins.

Creatine Kinase, BB Form [M0005296]
A form of creatine kinase found in the BRAIN.

Creatine Kinase, MB Form [M0005297]
An isoenzyme of creatine kinase found in the CARDIAC MUSCLE.

Creatine Kinase, Mitochondrial Form [M0363590]
A form of creatine kinase found in the MITOCHONDRIA.

Creatine Kinase, MM Form [M0005298]
An isoenzyme of creatine kinase found in the MUSCLE.

CREB-Binding Protein [M0232674]
A member of the p300-CBP transcription factor family that was initially identified as a binding partner for CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN. Mutations in CREB-binding protein are associated with RUBINSTEIN-TAYBI SYNDROME.

CREM Protein, alpha Isoform [M0325109]

CREM Protein, epsilon Isoform [M0185186]

CREM Protein, gamma Isoform [M0325108]

CREM Protein, tau Isoform [M0475655]

Creon [M0045744]

Crk-Associated Substrate Protein [M0477396]
Crk-associated substrate was originally identified as a highly phosphorylated 130 kDa protein that associates with ONCOGENE PROTEIN CRK and ONCOGENE PROTEIN SRC. It is a signal transducing adaptor protein that undergoes tyrosine PHOSPHORYLATION in signaling pathways that regulate CELL MIGRATION and CELL PROLIFERATION.

Crosseal [M0464875]
A human plasma-derived fibrin sealant that rapidly forms a clot.

Cryo-Tropin [M0475573]

Cryoglobulins [M0005377]
Abnormal immunoglobulins, especially IGG or IGM, that precipitate spontaneously when SERUM is cooled below 37 degrees Celsius. It is characteristic of CRYOGLOBULINEMIA.

Cryoproteins [M0005378]

Cryptophycins [M0491341]
Peptolides forming 16-membered macrolides, composed of two ester linkages, two amide linkages and seven asymmetric centers. They have been found in CYANOBACTERIA and are TUBULIN MODULATORS.

Crystallins [M0005393]
A heterogeneous family of water-soluble structural proteins found in cells of the vertebrate lens. The presence of these proteins accounts for the transparency of the lens. The family is composed of four major groups, alpha, beta, gamma, and delta, and several minor groups, which are classed on the basis of size, charge, immunological properties, and vertebrate source. Alpha, beta, and delta crystallins occur in avian and reptilian lenses, while alpha, beta, and gamma crystallins occur in all other lenses.

CsA-Neoral [M0025281]

Cu-Superoxide Dismutase [M0020827]

Cu-Zn Superoxide Dismutase [M0020828]

Cullin Proteins [M0446344]
A family of structurally related proteins that were originally discovered for their role in cell-cycle regulation in CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. They play important roles in regulation of the CELL CYCLE and as components of UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES.

Cuprenil [M0016124]

Cuprimine [M0016123]

CY-116 [M0351467]

Cyclic ADP-ribose Hydrolase [M0410130]
EC 3.2.2.5

Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein [M0003612]
A transcriptional regulator in prokaryotes which, when activated by binding cyclic AMP, acts at several promoters. Cyclic AMP receptor protein was originally identified as a catabolite gene activator protein. It was subsequently shown to regulate several functions unrelated to catabolism, and to be both a negative and a positive regulator of transcription. Cell surface cyclic AMP receptors are not included (CYCLIC AMP RECEPTORS), nor are the eukaryotic cytoplasmic cyclic AMP receptor proteins, which are the regulatory subunits of CYCLIC AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES.

Cyclic AMP Response Element Modulator [M0185189]
Cyclic AMP response element modulator is a basic leucine zipper transcription factor that is regulated by CYCLIC AMP. It plays an important role in SPERMATID development in the mammalian TESTIS.

Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein [M0026362]
A protein that has been shown to function as a calcium-regulated transcription factor as well as a substrate for depolarization-activated CALCIUM-CALMODULIN DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES. This protein functions to integrate both calcium and cAMP signals.

Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein A [M0481524]
A basic leucine zipper transcription factor that is highly homologous to ACTIVATING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 2. It binds the consensus site TGACGTCA of the cyclic AMP response element in partnership with either PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN or activating transcription factor 2.

Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases [M0026998]
A group of enzymes that are dependent on cyclic AMP and catalyze the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues on proteins.

Cyclic AMP-Phosphodiesterase Activator [M0003214]

Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases [M0027000]
A group of enzymes that are dependent on cyclic GMP and catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues of proteins.

Cyclic Nucleotide-Regulated Protein Kinases [M0026996]
A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues of proteins and is dependent on cyclic nucleotides.

Cyclin A [M0029600]
A 33-kDa protein identical to adenovirus E1A-associated protein p60. Cyclin A regulates p33cdk2 and p34cdc2, and is necessary for progression through the S phase of the cell cycle.

Cyclin B [M0029601]
A 58-kDa protein that is regulated post-transcriptionally and post-translationally in the cell cycle.

Cyclin D1 [M0029612]
Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.

Cyclin E [M0029602]
A 50-kDa protein that complexes with cdk2 in the late G1 phase of the cell cycle.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 [M0191671]
A key regulator of CELL CYCLE progression. It partners with CYCLIN E to regulate entry into S PHASE and also interacts with CYCLIN A to phosphorylate RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN. Its activity is inhibited by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P27 and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P21.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 [M0208277]
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 is a key regulator of G1 PHASE of the CELL CYCLE. It partners with CYCLIN D to phosphorylate RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN. CDK4 activity is inhibited by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P16.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 [M0224879]
A serine-threonine kinase that plays important roles in CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MIGRATION; and CELL DEATH of NERVE CELLS. It is closely related to other CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES but does not seem to participate in CELL CYCLE regulation.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6 [M0228003]
Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 associates with CYCLIN D and phosphorylates RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN during G1 PHASE of the CELL CYCLE. It helps regulate the transition to S PHASE and its kinase activity is inhibited by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P18.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9 [M0230514]
A multifunctional CDC2 kinase-related kinase that plays roles in transcriptional elongation, CELL DIFFERENTIATION and APOPTOSIS. It is a component of POSITIVE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ELONGATION FACTOR B.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15 [M0236014]
An INK4 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor containing four ANKYRIN-LIKE REPEATS. INK4B is often inactivated by deletions, mutations, or hypermethylation in HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 [M0029615]
A product of the p16 tumor suppressor gene (GENES, P16). It is also called INK4 or INK4A because it is the prototype member of the INK4 CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITORS. This protein is produced from the alpha mRNA transcript of the p16 gene. The other gene product, produced from the alternatively spliced beta transcript, is TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P14ARF. Both p16 gene products have tumor suppressor functions.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p18 [M0240536]
An INK4 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor containing five ANKYRIN-LIKE REPEATS. Aberrant expression of this protein has been associated with deregulated EPITHELIAL CELL growth, organ enlargement, and a variety of NEOPLASMS.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p19 [M0477673]
An INK4 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor containing five ANKYRIN REPEATS. Aberrant expression of this protein has been associated with TESTICULAR CANCER.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 [M0224308]
A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that mediates TUMOR SUPRESSOR PROTEIN P53-dependent CELL CYCLE arrest. p21 interacts with a range of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES and associates with PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN and CASPASE 3.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27 [M0203045]
A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that coordinates the activation of CYCLIN and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES during the CELL CYCLE. It interacts with active CYCLIN D complexed to CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 4 in proliferating cells, while in arrested cells it binds and inhibits CYCLIN E complexed to CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 2.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57 [M0245969]
A potent inhibitor of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES in G1 PHASE and S PHASE. In humans, aberrant expression of p57 is associated with various NEOPLASMS as well as with BECKWITH-WIEDEMANN SYNDROME.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor Proteins [M0477620]
A group of cell cycle proteins that negatively regulate the activity of CYCLIN/CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE complexes. They inhibit CELL CYCLE progression and help control CELL PROLIFERATION following GENOTOXIC STRESS as well as during CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases [M0028197]
Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with CYCLINS to achieve full enzymatic activity. Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events.

Cyclins [M0024762]
Regulatory proteins that function in the cell cycle to activate maturation promoting factor. They complex with p34cdc2 (PROTEIN P34CDC2), the catalytic subunit of MATURATION-PROMOTING FACTOR, and modulate its protein kinase activity. Cyclins themselves have no enzymatic activity.

Cycloleucine [M0005476]
An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.

Cyclooxygenase 1 [M0260351]
A constitutively-expressed subtype of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase. It plays an important role in many cellular processes.

Cyclooxygenase 2 [M0258705]
An inducibly-expressed subtype of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase. It plays an important role in many cellular processes and INFLAMMATION. It is the target of COX2 INHIBITORS.

Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors [M0446346]
A subclass of cyclooxygenase inhibitors with specificity for CYCLOOXYGENASE-2.

Cyclophilin A [M0029249]
A 17-KDa cytoplasmic PEPTIDYLPROLYL ISOMERASE involved in immunoregulation. It is a member of the cyclophilin family of proteins that binds to CYCLOSPORINE.

Cyclophilins [M0356321]
A family of peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases that bind to CYCLOSPORINS and regulate the IMMUNE SYSTEM. EC 5.2.1.-

Cycloserine [M0005492]
Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.

Cyclosporine [M0025279]
A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).

Cyclosporins [M0005493]
A group of closely related cyclic undecapeptides from the fungi Trichoderma polysporum and Cylindocarpon lucidum. They have some antineoplastic and antifungal action and significant immunosuppressive effects. Cyclosporins have been proposed as adjuvants in tissue and organ transplantation to suppress graft rejection.

Cyclotides [M0456600]
A continuous circle of peptide bonds, typically of 2-3 dozen AMINO ACIDS, so there is no free N- or C-terminus. They are further characterized by six conserved CYSTEINE residues that form CYSTINE KNOT MOTIFS.

Cystamucil [M0445991]

Cystathionine [M0005532]

Cystathionine beta-Synthase [M0005533]
A multifunctional pyridoxal phosphate enzyme. In the second stage of cysteine biosynthesis it catalyzes the reaction of homocysteine with serine to form cystathionine with the elimination of water. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA and HOMOCYSTINURIA. EC 4.2.1.22.

Cystathionine gamma-Lyase [M0005534]
A multifunctional pyridoxal phosphate enzyme. In the final step in the biosynthesis of cysteine it catalyzes the cleavage of cystathionine to yield cysteine, ammonia, and 2-ketobutyrate. EC 4.4.1.1.

Cystatin A [M0024321]

Cystatins [M0024322]
A homologous group of endogenous cysteine proteinase inhibitors. Four distinct families are recognized within the cystatin superfamily: cystatin B or stefins; cystatin C or post-gamma-globulin; egg-white or chicken cystatin; and kininogen cystatin. The cystatins inhibit most Cysteine Endopeptidases of the papain type, and other peptidases which have a sulfhydryl group at the active site.

Cysteic Acid [M0005538]
Beta-Sulfoalanine. An amino acid with a C-terminal sulfonic acid group which has been isolated from human hair oxidized with permanganate. It occurs normally in the outer part of the sheep's fleece, where the wool is exposed to light and weather.

Cysteine [M0005539]
A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

Cysteine Dioxygenase [M0073063]
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-CYSTEINE to 3-sulfinoalanine (3-sulfino-L-alanine) in the CYSTEINE metabolism and TAURINE and hypotaurine metabolic pathways.

Cysteine Endopeptidases [M0005542]
ENDOPEPTIDASES which have a cysteine involved in the catalytic process. This group of enzymes is inactivated by sulfhydryl reagents. EC 3.4.22.

Cysteine Hydrochloride [M0333361]

Cysteine Synthase [M0005547]
An enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of cysteine in microorganisms and plants from O-acetyl-L-serine and hydrogen sulfide. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.2.99.8.

Cysteine Synthase A [M0005548]

Cysteinyldopa [M0005549]
Found in large amounts in the plasma and urine of patients with malignant melanoma. It is therefore used in the diagnosis of melanoma and for the detection of postoperative metastases. Cysteinyldopa is believed to be formed by the rapid enzymatic hydrolysis of 5-S-glutathionedopa found in melanin-producing cells.

Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator [M0028383]
A chloride channel that regulates secretion in many exocrine tissues. Abnormalities in the CFTR gene have been shown to cause cystic fibrosis. (Hum Genet 1994;93(4):364-8)

Cystine [M0005555]
A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of CYSTEINE. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine.

Cystinyl Aminopeptidase [M0015705]
A zinc-containing sialoglycoprotein that is used to study aminopeptidase activity in the pathogenesis of hypertension. EC 3.4.11.3.

Cystorelin [M0012448]

Cytidine Deaminase [M0005569]
An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of cytidine, forming uridine. EC 3.5.4.5.

Cytochrome a Group [M0447608]
Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) in which the heme prosthetic group is heme a, i.e., the iron chelate of cytoporphyrin IX. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539)

Cytochrome aa3 [M0447606]
A dimer of CYTOCHROME A and CYTOCHROME A3.

Cytochrome b Group [M0005582]
Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme (HEME B) as the prosthetic group.

Cytochrome b6f Complex [M0124802]
A protein complex that includes CYTOCHROME B6 and CYTOCHROME F. It is found in the THYLAKOID MEMBRANE and plays an important role in process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS by transferring electrons from PLASTOQUINONE to PLASTOCYANIN or CYTOCHROME C6. The transfer of electrons is coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the membrane.

Cytochrome bc1 [M0447642]
A dimer of CYTOCHROME B and CYTOCHROME C1.

Cytochrome bf [M0447816]

Cytochrome c Group [M0005583]
A group of cytochromes with covalent thioether linkages between either or both of the vinyl side chains of protoheme and the protein. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539)

Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit VIa [M0365809]

Cytochrome c-551 Peroxidase [M0005596]

Cytochrome d Group [M0027098]
Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with a tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron as a prosthetic group in which the degree of conjugation of double bonds is less than in porphyrin. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539)

Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 [M0028818]
A liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase capable of biotransforming xenobiotics such as polycyclic hydrocarbons and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons into carcinogenic or mutagenic compounds. They have been found in mammals and fish. This enzyme, encoded by CYP1A1 gene, can be measured by using ethoxyresorufin as a substrate for the ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity.

Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 [M0028854]
A cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase that can be induced by polycyclic aromatic xenobiotics in the liver of human and several animal species. This enzyme is of significant clinical interest due to the large number of drug interactions associated with its induction and its metabolism of THEOPHYLLINE. Caffeine is considered to be a model substrate for this enzyme. CYP1A2 activity can also be increased by environmental factors such as cigarette smoking, charbroiled meat, cruciferous vegetables, and a number of drugs including phenytoin, phenobarbital, and omeprazole.

Cytochrome P-450 CYP27A1 [M0072863]
An NAPH-dependent cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of the side chain of sterol intermediates such as the 27-hydroxylation of 5-beta-cholestane-3-alpha,7-alpha, 12-alpha-triol. Cytochrome P-450 CYP27A1 is a mitochondrial enzyme; however microsomal-derived homologs of the enzyme have been identified and are included under this heading.

Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1 [M0028816]
A major cytochrome P-450 enzyme which is inducible by PHENOBARBITAL in both the LIVER and SMALL INTESTINE. It is active in the metabolism of compounds like pentoxyresorufin, TESTOSTERONE, and ANDROSTENEDIONE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP2B1 gene, also mediates the activation of CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE and IFOSFAMIDE to MUTAGENS.

Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 [M0028855]
A cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of many drugs and environmental chemicals, such as DEBRISOQUINE; ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS; and TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS. This enzyme is deficient in up to 10 percent of the Caucasian population.

Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 [M0028857]
An ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450 enzyme that metabolizes several precarcinogens, drugs, and solvents to reactive metabolites. Substrates include alcohol; NITROSAMINES; BENZENE; URETHANE; and other low molecular weight compounds. CYP2E1 has been used as an enzyme marker in the study of alcohol abuse.

Cytochrome P-450 CYP2R1 [M0493773]
A microsomal vitamin D 25-hydroxylase that is closely related to cytochrome P-450 CYP27A1.

Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A [M0082919]
A cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase that is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway by oxidizing a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including STEROIDS; FATTY ACIDS; and XENOBIOTICS. This enzyme has clinical significance due to its ability to metabolize a diverse array of clinically important drugs such as CYCLOSPORINE; VERAPAMIL; and MIDAZOLAM. This enzyme also catalyzes the N-demethylation of ERYTHROMYCIN.

Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System [M0005591]
A superfamily of hundreds of closely related HEMEPROTEINS found throughout the phylogenetic spectrum, from animals, plants, fungi, to bacteria. They include numerous complex monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES). In animals, these P-450 enzymes serve two major functions: (1) biosynthesis of steroids, fatty acids, and bile acids; (2) metabolism of endogenous and a wide variety of exogenous substrates, such as toxins and drugs (BIOTRANSFORMATION). They are classified, according to their sequence similarities rather than functions, into CYP gene families (>40% homology) and subfamilies (>59% homology). For example, enzymes from the CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 gene families are responsible for most drug metabolism.

Cytochrome P-450 Monooxygenase [M0005593]

Cytochrome P-450 Oxygenase [M0005592]

Cytochrome Peroxidase [M0005595]

Cytochrome Reductases [M0005597]

Cytochrome-B(5) Reductase [M0073097]
A FLAVOPROTEIN oxidoreductase that occurs both as a soluble enzyme and a membrane-bound enzyme due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of a single mRNA. The soluble form is present mainly in ERYTHROCYTES and is involved in the reduction of METHEMOGLOBIN. The membrane-bound form of the enzyme is found primarily in the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and outer mitochondrial membrane, where it participates in the desaturation of FATTY ACIDS; CHOLESTEROL biosynthesis and drug metabolism. A deficiency in the enzyme can result in METHEMOGLOBINEMIA.

Cytochrome-c Oxidase Subunit III [M0005590]

Cytochrome-c Oxidase Subunit IV [M0333367]

Cytochrome-c Peroxidase [M0005594]
A hemeprotein which catalyzes the oxidation of ferrocytochrome c to ferricytochrome c in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. EC 1.11.1.5.

Cytochromes [M0005598]
Hemeproteins whose characteristic mode of action involves transfer of reducing equivalents which are associated with a reversible change in oxidation state of the prosthetic group. Formally, this redox change involves a single-electron, reversible equilibrium between the Fe(II) and Fe(III) states of the central iron atom (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539). The various cytochrome subclasses are organized by the type of HEME and by the wavelength range of their reduced alpha-absorption bands.

Cytochromes a [M0027097]
A subclass of heme a containing cytochromes that have two imidazole nitrogens as axial ligands and an alpha-band absorption of 605 nm. They are found in a variety of microorganisms and in eucaryotes as a low-spin cytochrome component of MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.

Cytochromes a1 [M0077986]
A subclass of heme a containing cytochromes have a reduced alpha-band absorption of 587-592 nm. They are primarily found in microorganisms.

Cytochromes a3 [M0447607]
A subclass of heme a containing cytochromes with an alpha-band absorption of 605 nm. They are found in a variety of microorganisms and in eukaryotes as a high-spin cytochrome component of MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.

Cytochromes b [M0447724]
Cytochromes of the b group that have alpha-band absorption of 563-564 nm. They occur as subunits in MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III.

Cytochromes b5 [M0024183]
Cytochromes of the b group that are found bound to cytoplasmic side of ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. They serve as electron carrier proteins for a variety of membrane-bound OXYGENASES. They are reduced by the enzyme CYTOCHROME-B(5) REDUCTASE.

Cytochromes b6 [M0447812]
Cytochromes of the b group that are found as components of the CYTOCHROME B6F COMPLEX. They contain two non-covalently bound HEME B groups.

Cytochromes c [M0447732]
Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.

Cytochromes c' [M0005584]
A widely occurring subclass of c type cytochromes which function as electron carriers in the electron transport chain in photosynthetic and denitrifying BACTERIA.

Cytochromes c1 [M0005586]
The 30-kDa membrane-bound c-type cytochrome protein of mitochondria that functions as an electron donor to CYTOCHROME C GROUP in the mitochondrial and bacterial RESPIRATORY CHAIN. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p545)

Cytochromes c2 [M0071689]
Type C cytochromes that are small (12-14 kD) single-heme proteins. They function as mobile electron carriers between membrane-bound enzymes in photosynthetic BACTERIA.

Cytochromes c6 [M0068930]
Cytochromes of the c type that are involved in the transfer of electrons from CYTOCHROME B6F COMPLEX and PHOTOSYSTEM I.

Cytochromes f [M0068936]
Cytochromes f are found as components of the CYTOCHROME B6F COMPLEX. They play important role in the transfer of electrons from PHOTOSYSTEM I to PHOTOSYSTEM II.

Cytokine Receptor Common beta Subunit [M0495194]
A receptor subunit that is a shared component of the INTERLEUKIN-3 RECEPTOR; the INTERLEUKIN-5 RECEPTOR; and the GM-CSF RECEPTOR. High affinity receptor complexes are formed with each of these receptors when their respective alpha subunits are combined with this shared beta subunit.

Cytokine Receptor gp130 [M0182947]
A cytokine receptor that acts through the formation of oligomeric complexes of itself with a variety of CYTOKINE RECEPTORS.

Cytokines [M0024747]
Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

Cytomel [M0021976]

Cytosine Deaminase [M0073103]
An enzyme which catalyzes the deamination of CYTOSINE resulting in the formation of URACIL. It can also act on 5-methylcytosine to form THYMIDINE.

Cytoskeletal Proteins [M0005620]
Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.

D-Ala(2),MePhe(4),Met(0)-ol-enkephalin [M0373533]
A stable synthetic analog of methionine enkephalin (ENKEPHALIN, METHIONINE). Actions are similar to those of methionine enkephalin. Its effects can be reversed by narcotic antagonists such as naloxone.

D-Alanine Transaminase [M0072253]
A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of an amino group between D-Alanine and ALPHA-KETOGLUTARATE to form PYRUVATE and D-GLUTAMATE, respectively. It plays a role in the synthesis of the bacterial CELL WALL. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 2.6.1.10.

D-Amino-Acid Oxidase [M0005635]

D-Aspartate [M0378610]

D-Aspartate Oxidase [M0072564]
An FAD-dependent peroxisomal flavoenzyme, this catalyzes the oxidative deamination of D-ASPARTATE to OXALOACETATE and AMMONIA using oxygen as electron acceptor.

D-Aspartic Acid [M0378511]
The D-isomer of ASPARTIC ACID.

D-Glucuronolactone Dehydrogenase [M0000676]

D-Glutamate [M0028011]

D-Glutamine [M0009382]

D-Pen2, L-Pen5-Enkephalin [M0333394]

D-Xylulose Reductase [M0080441]
An enzyme that plays a role in the PENTOSES and GLUCURONATES interconversion pathway by catalyzing the oxidation of XYLITOL to D-xylulose. This enzyme has been found to be specific for NAD+.

D1 Photosystem II Protein, Plant [M0170014]

Dactinomycin [M0005644]
A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)

Dairyaid [M0477142]

Dampo Mucopect [M0447116]

Daptomycin [M0026638]
A lipopeptide antibiotic that inhibits gram-positive bacteria.

Daptomycin, 9-L beta-Aspartic Acid [M0329226]

Dayto Anase [M0002934]

DCMP Deaminase [M0006001]
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of deoxycytidylic acid to deoxyuridylic acid and ammonia. It plays an important role in the regulation of the pool of deoxynucleotides in higher organisms. The enzyme also acts on some 5-substituted deoxycytidylic acids. EC 3.5.4.12.

DDAVP [M0369333]

DEAD Box Helicase p68 [M0159382]

DEAD-box RNA Helicases [M0493668]
A large family of RNA helicases that share a common protein motif with the single letter amino acid sequence D-E-A-D (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp). In addition to RNA helicase activity, members of the DEAD-box family participate in other aspects of RNA metabolism and regulation of RNA function.

Deamino Arginine Vasopressin [M0474041]
A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.

Death Domain Receptor Signaling Adaptor Proteins [M0492979]
Intracellular signaling adaptor proteins that bind to the cytoplasmic death domain region found on DEATH DOMAIN RECEPTORS. Many of the proteins in this class take part in intracellular signaling from TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTORS.

Decanoyl CoA Dehydrogenase [M0008261]

Decapeptyl [M0026319]

Decoy FAS Receptors [M0492601]

Decoy TRAIL Receptors [M0492600]

Defensins [M0135759]
Family of antimicrobial peptides that have been identified in humans, animals, and plants. They are thought to play a role in host defenses against infections, inflammation, wound repair, and acquired immunity.

Defibrase [M0333034]

DEFICIENS Protein [M0267624]
DEFICIENS is a homeotic gene involved in the genetic control of Antirrhinum majus flower development. Its protein is one of the four founder proteins that structurally define the superfamily of MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS.

Deficiens-Agamous-Like Proteins [M0238872]

Dehydroascorbatase [M0005758]
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of the gamma lactone, dehydroascorbate, to diketogulonate.

Delayed Rectifier Potassium Channels [M0236741]
A group of slow opening and closing voltage-gated potassium channels. Because of their delayed activation kinetics they play an important role in controlling ACTION POTENTIAL duration.

Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide [M0005794]
A nonapeptide that is found in neurons, peripheral organs, and plasma. This neuropeptide induces mainly delta sleep in mammals. In addition to sleep, the peptide has been observed to affect electrophysiological activity, neurotransmitter levels in the brain, circadian and locomotor patterns, hormonal levels, psychological performance, and the activity of neuropharmacological drugs including their withdrawal.

delta, beta-Globin [M0009282]

delta-Crystallins [M0005394]
A subclass of crystallins found in the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE) in BIRDS and REPTILES. They are inactive forms of the enzyme argininosuccinate lyase.

delta-Globin [M0009285]

delta-Sarcoglycan [M0266521]

delta-Tryptases [M0496634]

Deltaretrovirus Antibodies [M0023838]
Antibodies reactive with various types of human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma antigens or bovine leukemia virus antigens.

Deltaretrovirus Antigens [M0023845]
Antigens associated with the DELTARETROVIRUS; HTLV-I ANTIGENS and HTLV-II ANTIGENS belong to this group.

Demser [M0029395]

Dental Enamel Proteins [M0005877]
The proteins that are part of the dental enamel matrix.

Deoxycytidine Kinase [M0005998]
An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of deoxycytidine with the formation of a nucleoside diphosphate and deoxycytidine monophosphate. Cytosine arabinoside can also act as an acceptor. All natural nucleoside triphosphates, except deoxycytidine triphosphate, can act as donors. The enzyme is induced by some viruses, particularly the herpes simplex virus (HERPESVIRUS HOMINIS). EC 2.7.1.74.

Deoxyhemoglobin S [M0010125]

Deoxyribodipyrimidine Photo-Lyase [M0006660]
An enzyme that catalyzes the reactivation by light of UV-irradiated DNA. It breaks two carbon-carbon bonds in pyrimidine dimers in DNA. EC 4.1.99.3.

Deoxyribonuclease (Pyrimidine Dimer) [M0073441]
An enzyme which catalyzes an endonucleolytic cleavage near PYRIMIDINE DIMERS to produce a 5'-phosphate product. The enzyme acts on the damaged DNA strand, from the 5' side of the damaged site.

Deoxyribonuclease BamHI [M0023435]
One of the Type II site-specific deoxyribonucleases (EC 3.1.21.4). It recognizes and cleaves the sequence G/GATCC at the slash. BamHI is from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens N. Numerous isoschizomers have been identified. EC 3.1.21.-.

Deoxyribonuclease BstFI [M0023471]

Deoxyribonuclease EcoRI [M0023459]
One of the Type II site-specific deoxyribonucleases (EC 3.1.21.4). It recognizes and cleaves the sequence G/AATTC at the slash. EcoRI is from E coliRY13. Several isoschizomers have been identified. EC 3.1.21.-.

Deoxyribonuclease EcoVIII [M0023476]

Deoxyribonuclease HindIII [M0023466]
One of the Type II site-specific deoxyribonucleases (EC 3.1.21.4). It recognizes and cleaves the sequence A/AGCTT at the slash. HindIII is from Haemophilus influenzae R(d). Numerous isoschizomers have been identified. EC 3.1.21.-.

Deoxyribonuclease HpaII [M0028377]
One of the Type II site-specific deoxyribonucleases (EC 3.1.21.4). It recognizes and cleaves the sequences C/CGG and GGC/C at the slash. HpaII is from Haemophilus parainfluenzae. Several isoschizomers have been identified. EC 3.1.21.-.

Deoxyribonuclease I [M0006007]
An enzyme capable of hydrolyzing highly polymerized DNA by splitting phosphodiester linkages, preferentially adjacent to a pyrimidine nucleotide. This catalyzes endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA yielding 5'-phosphodi- and oligonucleotide end-products. The enzyme has a preference for double-stranded DNA.

Deoxyribonuclease IV (Phage T4-Induced) [M0151167]
An enzyme which catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage of phosphodiester bonds at purinic or apyrimidinic sites (AP-sites) to produce 5'-Phosphooligonucleotide end products. The enzyme prefers single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and was formerly classified as EC 3.1.4.30.

Deoxyribonuclease MspI [M0028378]

Deoxyribonuclease SsoI [M0023464]

Deoxyribonucleases [M0006014]
Enzymes which catalyze the hydrolases of ester bonds within DNA. EC 3.1.-.

Deoxyribonucleases, Type I Site-Specific [M0023491]
Enzyme systems containing three different subunits and requiring ATP, S-adenosylmethionine, and magnesium for endonucleolytic activity to give random double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. They function also as DNA-dependent ATPases and modification methylases, catalyzing the reactions of EC 2.1.1.72 and EC 2.1.1.73 with similar site-specificity. The systems recognize specific short DNA sequences and cleave at sites remote from the recognition sequence. Enzymes from different microorganisms with the same specificity are called isoschizomers. EC 3.1.21.3.

Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific [M0023490]
Enzyme systems containing a single subunit and requiring only magnesium for endonucleolytic activity. The corresponding modification methylases are separate enzymes. The systems recognize specific short DNA sequences and cleave either within, or at a short specific distance from, the recognition sequence to give specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. Enzymes from different microorganisms with the same specificity are called isoschizomers. EC 3.1.21.4.

Deoxyribonucleases, Type III Site-Specific [M0023503]
Enzyme systems composed of two subunits and requiring ATP and magnesium for endonucleolytic activity; they do not function as ATPases. They exist as complexes with modification methylases of similar specificity listed under EC 2.1.1.72 or EC 2.1.1.73. The systems recognize specific short DNA sequences and cleave a short distance, about 24 to 27 bases, away from the recognition sequence to give specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. Enzymes from different microorganisms with the same specificity are called isoschizomers. EC 3.1.21.5.

Deoxyribonucleoproteins [M0006015]
Proteins conjugated with deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) or specific DNA.

Depsipeptides [M0458175]
Compounds consisting of chains of AMINO ACIDS alternating with CARBOXYLIC ACIDS via ester and amide linkages. They are commonly cyclized.

Depsipeptides, Cyclic [M0458176]

Dermatophagoides Allergens [M0419889]

Dermatophagoides farinae Allergens [M0419890]

Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus Allergens [M0419891]

Dermodress [M0369417]

Dermolysins [M0008009]

Dermotricine [M0373261]

Desert Hedgehog Protein [M0235923]

Desmin [M0006077]
An intermediate filament protein found predominantly in smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle cells. Localized at the Z line. MW 50,000 to 55,000 is species dependent.

Desmocollins [M0112627]
A group of desmosomal cadherins with cytoplasmic tails that are divergent from those of classical CADHERINS. Their intracytoplasmic domains bind PLAKOGLOBIN; PLAKOPHILINS; and DESMOPLAKINS.

Desmogalen [M0492528]

Desmoglein 1 [M0226746]
A desmosomal cadherin that is an autoantigen in the acquired skin disorder PEMPHIGUS FOLIACEUS.

Desmoglein 2 [M0408335]
A CALCIUM-dependent adhesion molecule of DESMOSOMES that also plays a role in embryonic STEM CELL proliferation.

Desmoglein 3 [M0112634]
A desmosomal cadherin that is an autoantigen in the acquired skin disorder PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS.

Desmogleins [M0112628]
A group of desmosomal cadherins with cytoplasmic tails that resemble those of classical CADHERINS.

Desmolases [M0012768]

Desmoplakin 1 [M0112631]

Desmoplakin 2 [M0112632]

Desmoplakins [M0112637]
Desmoplakins are cytoskeletal linker proteins that anchor INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS to the PLASMA MEMBRANE at DESMOSOMES.

Desmopressin Acetate [M0330516]

Desmopressin Monoacetate [M0330515]

Desmosine [M0006081]
4-(4-Amino-4-carboxybutyl)-1-(5-amino-5-carboxypentyl)-3,5-bis(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)pyridinium. A rare amino acid found in elastin, formed by condensation of four molecules of lysine into a pyridinium ring.

Desmosomal Cadherins [M0479560]
A single-pass transmembrane glycoproteins that mediate CALCIUM-dependent CELL ADHESION and are core components of DESMOSOMES.

Destrin [M0374745]
A member of the actin depolymerizing factors. Its depolymerizing activity is independent of HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION.

Desulfofuscidin [M0478442]

Desulforubidin [M0478443]

Desulfoviridin [M0478444]

Dexnon [M0463498]

Dextranase [M0006105]

Dextrothyroxine [M0006144]
The dextrorotary isomer of the synthetic THYROXINE.

Dextrothyroxine Sodium [M0373453]

DGK alpha [M0029465]

DGK beta [M0029466]

DGK delta [M0029467]

DGK gamma [M0029468]

DGK-IV [M0029470]

Diacylglycerol Cholinephosphotransferase [M0004292]
An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of phosphatidylcholines from CDPcholine and 1,2-diacylglycerols. EC 2.7.8.2.

Diacylglycerol Kinase [M0029463]
An enzyme of the transferase class that uses ATP to catalyze the phosphorylation of diacylglycerol to a phosphatidate. EC 2.7.1.107.

Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase [M0073206]
An enzyme that catalyses the last step of the TRIACYLGLYCEROL synthesis reaction in which diacylglycerol is covalently joined to LONG-CHAIN ACYL COA to form triglyceride. It was formerly categorized as EC 2.3.1.124.

Diaminobenzidine Oxidase [M0010389]

Diaminopimelic Acid [M0006205]

Diapid [M0373045]

Diatracin [M0476496]

Diazepam Binding Inhibitor [M0121114]
An 86-amino acid polypeptide, found in central and peripheral tissues, that displaces diazepam from the benzodiazepine recognition site on the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (RECEPTORS, GABA). It also binds medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters and serves as an acyl-CoA transporter. This peptide regulates lipid metabolism.

Diazooxonorleucine [M0006241]
An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Dicarboxylic Acid Transporters [M0091877]
A family of organic anion transporters that specifically transport DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS such as alpha-ketoglutaric acid across cellular membranes.

Dicer Enzyme [M0378401]

Dietary Proteins [M0006342]
Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.

Dietary Soybean Proteins [M0028725]
Proteins which are present in the edible portion of SOYBEANS.

Difluoromethylornithine [M0000790]

Diglyceride Acyltransferase 1 [M0443166]

Dihydrodipicolinate Reductase [M0073248]
An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate to 2,3-dihydrodipicolinate using NAD(P)+ as a cofactor. It is found in BACTERIA and higher plants involved in the biosynthesis of DIAMINOPIMELIC ACID and LYSINE.

Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase [M0012555]
A flavoprotein containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reduction of lipoamide by NADH to yield dihydrolipoamide and NAD+. The enzyme is a component of several MULTIENZYME COMPLEXES.

Dihydrolipoyllysine-Residue Acetyltransferase [M0073246]
An enzyme that catalyzes the acetyltransferase reaction using ACETYL CoA as an acetyl donor and dihydrolipoamide as acceptor to produce COENZYME A (CoA) and S-acetyldihydrolipoamide. It forms the (E2) subunit of the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.

Dihydroorotase [M0006391]
An enzyme that, in the course of pyrimidine biosynthesis, catalyzes ring closure by removal of water from N-carbamoylaspartate to yield dihydro-orotic acid. EC 3.5.2.3.

Dihydroorotate Oxidase [M0006392]
An enzyme that in the course of pyrimidine biosynthesis, catalyzes the oxidation of dihydro-orotic acid to orotic acid utilizing oxygen as the electron acceptor. This enzyme is a flavoprotein which contains both FLAVIN-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE and FLAVIN MONONUCLEOTIDE as well as iron-sulfur centers. EC 1.3.3.1.

Dihydropteridine Reductase [M0006412]
An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of 6,7-dihydropteridine to 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine in the presence of NADP+. Defects in the enzyme are a cause of PHENYLKETONURIA II. Formerly listed as EC 1.6.99.7.

Dihydropteroate Synthase [M0006413]
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of dihydropteroate from p-aminobenzoic acid and dihydropteridine-hydroxymethyl-pyrophosphate. EC 2.5.1.15.

Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NAD+) [M0073260]
An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 5,6-dihydrouracil to URACIL using NAD as a cofactor. This enzyme also plays a role in the catabolism of the antimetabolite 5-FLUOROURACIL.

Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP) [M0073263]
An oxidoreductase involved in pyrimidine base degradation. It catalyzes the catabolism of THYMINE; URACIL and the chemotherapeutic drug, 5-FLUOROURACIL.

Dihydroxyphenylalanine [M0006754]
A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.

Dihydroxyphenylalanine Hydrochloride, (2:1) [M0330404]

Diiodothyronines [M0006425]
These metabolites of THYROXINE are formed by the deiodination of T3 or reverse T3.

Diiodotyrosine [M0006426]
A product from the iodination of MONOIODOTYROSINE. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, diiodotyrosine residues are coupled with other monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine residues to form T4 or T3 thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE).

Dilminal [M0332549]

Dilmintal [M0011910]

Dimethylallyltranstransferase [M0006457]
An enzyme that, in the pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis, catalyzes the condensation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallylpyrophosphate to yield pyrophosphate and geranylpyrophosphate. The enzyme then catalyzes the condensation of the latter compound with another molecule of isopentenyl pyrophosphate to yield pyrophosphate and farnesylpyrophosphate. EC 2.5.1.1.

Dimethylglycine Dehydrogenase [M0071748]
A FLAVOPROTEIN enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative demethylation of DIMETHYLGLYCINE to SARCOSINE and FORMALDEHYDE.

Dinitrogenase Reductase [M0025883]
A non-heme iron-sulfur protein isolated from Clostridium pasteurianum and other bacteria. It is a component of NITROGENASE along with molybdoferredoxin and is active in nitrogen fixation.

Dinucleosomes [M0015069]

Dioxygenases [M0464092]
Non-heme iron-containing enzymes that incorporate two atoms of OXYGEN into the substrate. They are important in biosynthesis of FLAVONOIDS; GIBBERELLINS; and HYOSCYAMINE; and for degradation of AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS.

Dipeptidases [M0006501]
EXOPEPTIDASES that specifically act on dipeptides. EC 3.4.13.

Dipeptides [M0006502]
Peptides composed of two amino acid units.

Dipeptidyl Peptidase I [M0262814]
A cysteine-type peptidase that is CHLORINE dependent and functions maximally at acidic pHs. At neutral pH, it polymerizes esters, aryl- and dipeptide amides. EC 3.4.14.1.

Dipeptidyl Peptidases [M0006503]
Enzymes which cleave dipeptides from the amino terminal of a polypeptide. Dipeptidyl peptidase I, II, III, IV are known. They hydrolyze the beta-naphthylamides of glycine-arginine, lysine-alanine, arginine-arginine and glycine-proline, respectively. DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE I is cathepsin C. EC 3.4.14.-.

Diphosphotransferases [M0026977]
A class of phosphotransferases that catalyzes the transfer of diphosphate-containing groups. EC 2.7.6.

Dirigestran [M0012449]

Disaccharidases [M0006556]

DISC (Death Inducing Signaling Complex) [M0444186]

Discase [M0333215]

Disintegrins [M0028974]
A family of polypeptides purified from snake venoms, which contain the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence. The RGD tripeptide binds to integrin receptors and thus competitively inhibits normal integrin-ligand interactions. Disintegrins thus block adhesive functions and act as platelet aggregation inhibitors.

Distamycins [M0006593]
Oligopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces distallicus. Their binding to DNA inhibits synthesis of nucleic acids.

Distreptase [M0020586]

DL-Arginine Acetate, Monohydrate [M0001684]

DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase [M0006648]
An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to the 5-position of cytosine or to the 6-position in adenine in mammalian DNA. EC 2.1.1.37.

DNA Glycosylases [M0073348]
A family of DNA repair enzymes that recognize damaged nucleotide bases and remove them by hydrolyzing the N-glycosidic bond that attaches them to the sugar backbone of the DNA molecule. The process called BASE EXCISION REPAIR can be completed by a DNA-(APURINIC OR APYRIMIDINIC SITE) LYASE which excises the remaining RIBOSE sugar from the DNA.

DNA Gyrase [M0379516]
A bacterial DNA topoisomerase II that catalyzes ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. Gyrase binds to DNA as a heterotetramer consisting two A and two B subunits. In the presence of ATP, gyrase is able to convert relaxed circular DNA duplex into a superhelix. In the absence of ATP, supercoiled DNA is relaxed by DNA gyrase.

DNA Gyrase A Subunit [M0197847]
One of the two subunits in DNA gyrase.

DNA Gyrase B Subunit [M0193335]
One of the two subunits in DNA gyrase.

DNA Helicase A [M0083525]

DNA Helicase E [M0083526]

DNA Helicase II [M0083527]

DNA Helicase III [M0077597]

DNA Helicases [M0006674]
Proteins that catalyze the unwinding of duplex DNA during replication by binding cooperatively to single-stranded regions of DNA or to short regions of duplex DNA that are undergoing transient opening. In addition DNA helicases are DNA-dependent ATPases that harness the free energy of ATP hydrolysis to translocate of DNA strands.

DNA Helix Destabilizing Proteins [M0006677]

DNA Ligases [M0017169]
Poly(deoxyribonucleotide):poly(deoxyribonucleotide)ligases. Enzymes that catalyze the joining of preformed deoxyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage during genetic processes during repair of a single-stranded break in duplex DNA. The class includes both EC 6.5.1.1 (ATP) and EC 6.5.1.2 (NAD).

DNA Modification Methylases [M0023492]
Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They are responsible for producing a species-characteristic methylation pattern, on either adenine or cytosine residues, in a specific short base sequence in the host cell's own DNA. This methylated sequence will occur many times in the host-cell DNA and remain intact for the lifetime of the cell. Any DNA from another species which gains entry into a living cell and lacks the characteristic methylation pattern will be recognized by the restriction endonucleases of similar specificity and destroyed by cleavage. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms.

DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase [M0006657]
A non-template-directed DNA polymerase normally found in vertebrate thymus and bone marrow. It catalyzes the elongation of oligo- or polydeoxynucleotide chains and is widely used as a tool in the differential diagnosis of acute leukemias in man. EC 2.7.7.31.

DNA Nucleotidyltransferases [M0006659]
Enzymes that catalyze the incorporation of deoxyribonucleotides into a chain of DNA. EC 2.7.7.-.

DNA Polymerase beta [M0029624]
A DNA repair enzyme that catalyzes DNA synthesis during base excision DNA repair. EC 2.7.7.7.

DNA Polymerase I [M0006661]
A DNA-dependent DNA polymerase characterized in prokaryotes and may be present in higher organisms. It has both 3'-5' and 5'-3' exonuclease activity, but cannot use native double-stranded DNA as template-primer. It is not inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents and is active in both DNA synthesis and repair. EC 2.7.7.7.

DNA Polymerase II [M0006662]
A DNA-dependent DNA polymerase characterized in E. coli and other lower organisms. It may be present in higher organisms and has an intrinsic molecular activity only 5% of that of DNA Polymerase I. This polymerase has 3'-5' exonuclease activity, is effective only on duplex DNA with gaps or single-strand ends of less than 100 nucleotides as template, and is inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents. EC 2.7.7.7.

DNA Polymerase III [M0006663]
A DNA-dependent DNA polymerase characterized in E. coli and other lower organisms but may be present in higher organisms. Use also for a more complex form of DNA polymerase III designated as DNA polymerase III* or pol III* which is 15 times more active biologically than DNA polymerase I in the synthesis of DNA. This polymerase has both 3'-5' and 5'-3' exonuclease activities, is inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents, and has the same template-primer dependence as pol II. EC 2.7.7.7.

DNA Polymerase N3 [M0006664]

DNA Primase [M0029590]
A single-stranded DNA-dependent RNA polymerase that functions to initiate, or prime, DNA synthesis by synthesizing oligoribonucleotide primers. EC 2.7.7.-.

DNA Repair Enzymes [M0448961]
Enzymes that are involved in the reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule, which contained damaged regions.

DNA Repair Methyltransferase I [M0029472]

DNA Repair Methyltransferase II [M0029473]

DNA Restriction Enzymes [M0006671]
Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

DNA Restriction-Modification Enzymes [M0023522]
Systems consisting of two enzymes, a modification methylase and a restriction endonuclease. They are closely related in their specificity and protect the DNA of a given bacterial species. The methylase adds methyl groups to adenine or cytosine residues in the same target sequence that constitutes the restriction enzyme binding site. The methylation renders the target site resistant to restriction, thereby protecting DNA against cleavage.

DNA Topoisomerase IV [M0181519]
A bacterial DNA topoisomerase II that catalyzes ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. Topoisomerase IV binds to DNA as a heterotetramer consisting 2 parC and 2 parE subunits. Topoisomerase IV is a decatenating enzyme that resolves interlinked daughter chromosomes following DNA replication.

DNA Topoisomerases [M0379272]
Enzymes that regulate the topology of DNA by actions such as breaking, relaxing, passing, and rejoining strands of DNA in cells. These enzymes are important components of the DNA replication system. They are classified by their substrate specificities. DNA TOPOISOMERASE I enzymes act on a single strand of DNA. DNA TOPOISOMERASE II enzymes act on double strands of DNA.

DNA Topoisomerases, Type I [M0381011]
DNA TOPOISOMERASES that catalyze ATP-independent breakage of one of the two strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strand through the break, and rejoining of the broken strand. DNA Topoisomerases, Type I enzymes reduce the topological stress in the DNA structure by relaxing the superhelical turns and knotted rings in the DNA helix.

DNA Topoisomerases, Type I, Archaeal [M0381014]
Archaeal enzymes of the DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I class that catalyze ATP-independent breakage of one of the two strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strand through the break, and rejoining of the broken strand. These archaeal enzymes reduce the topological stress in the DNA structure by relaxing negatively, but not positively, supercoiled DNA.

DNA Topoisomerases, Type I, Bacterial [M0379444]
Bacterial enzymes of the DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I class that catalyze ATP-independent breakage of one of the two strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strand through the break, and rejoining of the broken strand. These bacterial enzymes reduce the topological stress in the DNA structure by relaxing negatively, but not positively, supercoiled DNA.

DNA Topoisomerases, Type I, Eukaryotic [M0379445]
Eukaryotic enzymes of the DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I class that catalyze ATP-independent breakage of one of the two strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strand through the break, and rejoining of the broken strand. These eukaryotic enzymes reduce the topological stress in the DNA structure by relaxing both negatively and positively supercoiled DNA.

DNA Topoisomerases, Type II [M0381050]
DNA TOPOISOMERASES that catalyze ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. These enzymes bring about relaxation of the supercoiled DNA and resolution of a knotted circular DNA duplex.

DNA Topoisomerases, Type II, Archaeal [M0381130]
Archaeal enzymes of the DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE II class that catalyze ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. These enzymes bring about relaxation of the supercoiled DNA and resolution of a knotted circular DNA duplex.

DNA Topoisomerases, Type II, Bacterial [M0379493]
Bacterial enzymes of the DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE II class that catalyze ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. These enzymes bring about relaxation of the supercoiled DNA duplex. Bacterial DNA topoisomerases in the Type II class exist as heterotetramers of 2 subunits, such as 2 gyrA and 2 gyrB in DNA GYRASE.

DNA Topoisomerases, Type II, Eukaryotic [M0383840]
Eukaryotic enzymes of the DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE II class that catalyze ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. These enzymes bring about relaxation of the supercoiled DNA and resolution of a knotted circular DNA duplex. Isozymes of the eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase II consist of homodimers of alpha or beta subunits.

DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase [M0073416]
A DNA repair enzyme that catalyses the excision of ribose residues at apurinic and apyrimidinic DNA sites that can result from the action of DNA GLYCOSYLASES. The enzyme catalyzes a beta-elimination reaction in which the C-O-P bond 3' to the apurinic or apyrimidinic site in DNA is broken, leaving a 3'-terminal unsaturated sugar and a product with a terminal 5'-phosphate. This enzyme was previously listed under EC 3.1.25.2.

DNA-Activated Protein Kinase [M0212384]
A serine-threonine protein kinase that, when activated by DNA, phosphorylates several DNA-binding protein substrates including the TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53 and a variety of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

DNA-Binding Proteins [M0006678]
Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

DNA-Dependent Adenosinetriphosphatases [M0083541]

DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase [M0006665]
DNA-dependent DNA polymerases found in bacteria, animal and plant cells. During the replication process, these enzymes catalyze the addition of deoxyribonucleotide residues to the end of a DNA strand in the presence of DNA as template-primer. They also possess exonuclease activity and therefore function in DNA repair. EC 2.7.7.7.

DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases [M0019148]
Enzymes that catalyze DNA template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand one nucleotide at a time. They can initiate a chain de novo. In eukaryotes, three forms of the enzyme have been distinguished on the basis of sensitivity to alpha-amanitin, and the type of RNA synthesized. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992).

DNA-Formamidopyrimidine Glycosylase [M0101763]
A DNA repair enzyme that is an N-glycosyl hydrolase with specificity for DNA-containing ring-opened N(7)-methylguanine residues.

DnaB Helicases [M0194644]
A family of DNA helicases that participate in DNA REPLICATION. They assemble into hexameric rings with a central channel and unwind DNA processively in the 5' to 3' direction. DnaB helicases are considered the primary replicative helicases for most prokaryotic organisms.

DnaG (Primase) [M0369437]

Dontisanin [M0463077]

Dopa Decarboxylase [M0006755]
One of the AROMATIC-L-AMINO-ACID DECARBOXYLASES, this enzyme is responsible for the conversion of dopa to dopamine. It is of clinical importance in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. EC 4.1.1.28.

Dopamet [M0474248]

Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32 [M0120355]
A phosphoprotein that was initially identified as a major target of DOPAMINE activated ADENYLYL CYCLASE in the CORPUS STRIATUM. It regulates the activities of PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE-1 and PROTEIN KINASE A, and it is a key mediator of the biochemical, electrophysiological, transcriptional, and behavioral effects of DOPAMINE.

Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase [M0006758]

Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins [M0475608]
Sodium chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters located primarily on the PLASMA MEMBRANE of dopaminergic neurons. They remove DOPAMINE from the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE by high affinity reuptake into PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS and are the target of DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITORS.

Dopamine Sulfotransferase [M0023423]

Dopamine Uptake Complex [M0189592]
A dopamine plasma membrane transporter protein complex located on the membrane of dopaminergic neurons. The complex includes homo-oligomers of the DAT Dopamine Transporter.

Dopegyt [M0371003]

Dornavac [M0372342]

Double-Stranded RNA-Binding Proteins [M0025318]

Double-Stranded Telomere-Binding Proteins [M0194751]

Drosophila melanogaster Proteins [M0385195]

Drosophila Proteins [M0385194]
Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

Droxidopa [M0023229]
A precursor of noradrenaline that is used in the treatment of parkinsonism. The racemic form (DL-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine) has also been used, and has been investigated in the treatment of orthostatic hypotension. There is a deficit of noradrenaline as well as of dopamine in Parkinson's disease and it has been proposed that this underlies the sudden transient freezing seen usually in advanced disease. Administration of DL-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine has been claimed to result in an improvement in this phenomenon but controlled studies have failed to demonstrate improvement. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995)

Droxidopa, (DL-Tyr)-Isomer [M0331216]

DRTF1a Transcription Factor [M0188995]

DRTF1b Transcription Factor [M0188996]

DRTF1c Transcription Factor [M0188997]

durabronchal [M0447117]

Dynacil [M0482929]

Dynamin I [M0171123]
A subtype of dynamin found primarily in the NEURONS of the brain.

Dynamin II [M0171124]
A subtype of dynamin found ubiquitously expressed in a variety of tissues.

Dynamin III [M0171122]
A subtype of dynamin found expressed exclusively in the testis, lung and brain.

Dynamins [M0171126]
A family of high molecular weight GTP phosphohydrolases that play a direct role in vesicle transport. They associate with microtubule bundles (MICROTUBULES) and are believed to produce mechanical force via a process linked to GTP hydrolysis. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.50.

Dynein ATPase [M0006907]
A structural protein which forms the arms on the microtubule doublets of cilia and flagella. In the presence of divalent cations, dynein catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP. This hydrolysis plays an important functional role in the motility process. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.33.

Dynorphin (1-17) [M0006909]

Dynorphins [M0006908]
A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.

Dystroglycans [M0197676]
Dystrophin-associated proteins that play role in the formation of a transmembrane link between laminin-2 and DYSTROPHIN. Both the alpha and the beta subtypes of dystroglycan originate via POST-TRANSLATIONAL PROTEIN PROCESSING of a single precursor protein.

Dystrophin [M0024706]
A muscle protein localized in surface membranes which is the product of the Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy gene. Individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy usually lack dystrophin completely while those with Becker muscular dystrophy have dystrophin of an altered size. It shares features with other cytoskeletal proteins such as SPECTRIN and alpha-actinin but the precise function of dystrophin is not clear. One possible role might be to preserve the integrity and alignment of the plasma membrane to the myofibrils during muscle contraction and relaxation. MW 400 kDa.

Dystrophin-Associated Glycoprotein 1 [M0454544]

Dystrophin-Associated Protein Complex [M0463322]
A macromolecular complex of proteins that includes DYSTROPHIN and DYSTROPHIN-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS. It plays a structural role in the linking the CYTOSKELETON to the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.

Dystrophin-Associated Proteins [M0463328]
A group of proteins that associate with DYSTROPHIN at the CELL MEMBRANE to form the DYSTROPHIN-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN COMPLEX.

E Coli Transcription Termination Factor [M0019037]

E-Cadherins [M0024235]

E-Selectin [M0028429]
Cell adhesion molecule and CD antigen that mediates neutrophil, monocyte, and memory T-cell adhesion to cytokine-activated endothelial cells. E-selectin recognizes sialylated carbohydrate groups related to the Lewis X or Lewis A family.

E1A-Associated p300 Protein [M0478327]
A member of the p300-CBP transcription factors that was originally identified as a binding partner for ADENOVIRUS E1A PROTEINS.

E2F Transcription Factors [M0189005]
A family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that control expression of a variety of GENES involved in CELL CYCLE regulation. E2F transcription factors typically form heterodimeric complexes with TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR DP1 or transcription factor DP2, and they have N-terminal DNA binding and dimerization domains. E2F transcription factors can act as mediators of transcriptional repression or transcriptional activation.

E2F1 Transcription Factor [M0188999]
An E2F transcription factor that interacts directly with RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN and CYCLIN A and activates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION required for CELL CYCLE entry and DNA synthesis. E2F1 is involved in DNA REPAIR and APOPTOSIS.

E2F2 Transcription Factor [M0224487]
An E2F transcription factor that interacts directly with RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN and CYCLIN A. E2F2 activates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION required for CELL CYCLE entry and DNA synthesis.

E2F3 Transcription Factor [M0477184]
An E2F transcription factor that interacts directly with RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN and CYCLIN A. E2F3 regulates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION required for CELL CYCLE entry and DNA synthesis.

E2F3a Transcription Factor [M0477198]

E2F3b Transcription Factor [M0477199]

E2F4 Transcription Factor [M0239285]
An E2F transcription factor that represses GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION required for CELL CYCLE entry and DNA synthesis. E2F4 recruits chromatin remodeling factors indirectly to target gene PROMOTER REGIONS through RETINOBLASTOMA LIKE PROTEIN P130 and RETINOBLASTOMA LIKE PROTEIN P107.

E2F5 Transcription Factor [M0477186]
An E2F transcription factor that represses GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION required for CELL CYCLE entry and DNA synthesis. E2F5 recruits chromatin remodeling factors indirectly to target gene promoters through RETINOBLASTOMA LIKE PROTEIN P130.

E2F6 Transcription Factor [M0477187]
An E2F transcription factor that represses GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION required for CELL CYCLE entry and DNA synthesis. E2F6 recruits chromatin remodeling factors directly to target gene promoters and lacks the transactivation domain responsible for binding to the retinoblastoma family of tumor suppressors.

E2F7 Transcription Factor [M0477188]
An E2F transcription factor that represses GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION required for CELL CYCLE entry and DNA synthesis. E2F7 has two separate DNA-binding domains and binds to DNA independently of a dimerization partner.

EAC [M0432616]

Early Growth Response Protein 1 [M0481740]
An early growth response transcription factor that has been implicated in regulation of CELL PROLIFERATION and APOPTOSIS.

Early Growth Response Protein 2 [M0158412]
An early growth response transcription factor that controls the formation of the MYELIN SHEATH around peripheral AXONS by SCHWANN CELLS. Mutations in EGR2 transcription factor have been associated with HEREDITARY MOTOR AND SENSORY NEUROPATHIES such as CHARCOT-MARIE-TOOTH DISEASE.

Early Growth Response Protein 3 [M0190440]
An early growth response transcription factor that is essential for the development of MUSCLE SPINDLES.

Early Growth Response Transcription Factors [M0481739]
A family of transcription factors that are induced by GROWTH FACTORS and contain a highly conserved DNA-binding domain composed of three ZINC FINGER MOTIFS.

Echinomycin [M0006965]
A cytotoxic polypeptide quinoxaline antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces echinatus that binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis.

Ecto-NAD+ Glycohydrolase [M0077250]

Ecto-Phosphoprotein Phosphatase [M0016692]

Ectodysplasin A, Isoform 1 [M0492659]
An ectodysplasin isoform with specificity for the EDAR RECEPTOR.

Ectodysplasin A, Isoform 2 [M0492660]
An ectodysplasin isoform with specificity for the XEDAR RECEPTOR.

Ectodysplasins [M0284074]
Transmembrane proteins belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that play an essential role in the normal development of several ectodermally derived organs. Several isoforms of the ectodysplasins exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of the MRNA for the protein. The isoforms ectodysplasin A1 and ectodysplasin A2 are considered biologically active and each bind distinct ECTODYSPLASIN RECEPTORS. Genetic mutations that result in loss of function of ectodysplasin result in ECTODERMAL DYSPLASIA 1, ANHIDROTIC.

Ectosialyltransferase [M0019821]

Edar Receptor [M0492712]
A ectodysplasin receptor subtype that is specific for ECTODYSPLASIN A1. It signals via the specific signaling adaptor EDAR-ASSOCIATED DEATH DOMAIN PROTEIN. Loss of function of the edar receptor is associated with AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE ANHIDROTIC ECTODERMAL DYSPLASIA and ECTODERMAL DYSPLASIA 3, ANHIDROTIC.

Edar-Associated Death Domain Protein [M0492748]
A tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor that acts as a specific signaling adaptor protein for the EDAR RECEPTOR and plays an important role in ectodermal development. It binds to edar receptor via its C-terminal death domain region and to other specific TNF receptor-associated factors via its N-terminal domain. Loss of function of edar-associated death domain protein is associated with AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE ANHIDROTIC ECTODERMAL DYSPLASIA.

Edeine [M0007050]
Basic peptide antibiotic from Bacillus brevis. It exhibits broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis.

eEF-Tu [M0016220]

Eel Calcitonin [M0003146]

Eferox [M0463499]

Eflornithine [M0000787]
An inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.

Eflornithine Hydrochloride [M0330745]

EG2 Antigen [M0456416]
Antigen detected when eosinophil granules are released.

Egg Proteins [M0007121]
Proteins which are found in eggs (OVA) from any species.

Egg Proteins, Dietary [M0023708]
Proteins found in eggs which are consumed as a food.

Egg Shell Proteins [M0007122]

Egg White Proteins [M0007123]

Egg White Proteins, Dietary [M0023709]

EIF-(iso)4F [M0114951]
An isoform of eukaryotic initiation factor-4F found in plants.

eIF-2 Kinase [M0029534]
A dsRNA-activated cAMP-independent protein serine/threonine kinase that is induced by interferon. In the presence of dsRNA and ATP, the kinase autophosphorylates on several serine and threonine residues. The phosphorylated enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis.

Elafin [M0485533]
A secretory proteinase inhibitory protein that was initially purified from human SKIN. It is found in a variety mucosal secretions and is present at high levels in SPUTUM. Elafin may play a role in the innate immunity (IMMUNITY, INNATE) response of the LUNG.

Elastase I [M0015810]

Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins [M0447484]
A complex of enzymes and PROTON PUMPS located on the inner membrane of the MITOCHONDRIA and in bacterial membranes. The protein complex provides energy in the form of an electrochemical gradient, which may be used by either MITOCHONDRIAL PROTON-TRANSLOCATING ATPASES or BACTERIAL PROTON-TRANSLOCATING ATPASES.

Electron Transport Complex I [M0205105]
A flavoprotein and iron sulfur-containing oxidoreductase complex that catalyzes the conversion of UBIQUINONE to ubiquinol. In MITOCHONDRIA the complex also couples its reaction to the transport of PROTONS across the internal mitochondrial membrane. The NADH DEHYDROGENASE component of the complex can be isolated and is listed as EC 1.6.99.3.

Electron Transport Complex II [M0079129]
A flavoprotein oxidase complex that contains iron-sulfur centers. It catalyzes the oxidation of SUCCINATE to FUMARATE and couples the reaction to the reduction of UBIQUINONE to ubiquinol.

Electron Transport Complex III [M0022210]
A multisubunit enzyme complex that contains CYTOCHROME B GROUP; CYTOCHROME C1; and iron-sulfur centers. It catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol to UBIQUINONE, and transfers the electrons to CYTOCHROME C. In MITOCHONDRIA the redox reaction is coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Electron Transport Complex IV [M0005587]
A multisubunit enzyme complex containing CYTOCHROME A GROUP; CYTOCHROME A3; two copper atoms; and 13 different protein subunits. It is the terminal oxidase complex of the RESPIRATORY CHAIN and collects electrons that are transferred from the reduced CYTOCHROME C GROUP and donates them to molecular OXYGEN, which is then reduced to water. The redox reaction is simultaneously coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Electron-Transferring Flavoproteins [M0112516]
Flavoproteins that serve as specific electron acceptors for a variety of DEHYDROGENASES. They participate in the transfer of electrons to a variety of redox acceptors that occur in the respiratory chain.

Eledoisin [M0007224]
A peptide extracted from the posterior salivary glands of certain small octopi (Eledone spp., Mollusca), or obtained by synthesis. Its actions resemble those of SUBSTANCE P; it is a potent vasodilator and increases capillary permeability. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1364)

Elongation Factor [M0016223]

Elongation Factor 1alpha [M0088232]

Elongation Factor 1beta [M0088233]

Elongation Factor 1delta [M0088226]

Elongation Factor 1gamma [M0224619]

Elspar [M0001817]

Eltroxin [M0463500]

Eltroxine [M0024800]

Emfilermin [M0471288]

Eminase [M0024830]

Emulsion beta-D-Glucosidase [M0002420]

Enalapril [M0007330]
One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS that is used to treat hypertension.

Enalapril Maleate [M0331398]

Enalapril-TEVA [M0485302]

Enalaprilat [M0024167]
The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and a potent intravenously administered angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.

Enalaprilat Anhydrous [M0329455]

Enalaprilat Citrate, Anhydrous [M0329457]

Enalaprilat, (R)-Isomer, Anhydrous [M0329454]

Enantone [M0025475]

Encron [M0474886]

Endo-1,3(4)-beta-Glucanase [M0445569]
An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,3- or 1,4-linkages in beta-D-glucans. This enzyme specifically acts on sites where reducing glucose residues are substituted at the 3 position.

Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases [M0073473]
Enzymes which catalyze the endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-xylosidic linkages in XYLANS.

Endo-1,4-beta-Xylanase II [M0294560]

Endo-beta-N-Acetylglucosaminidase D [M0025886]

Endo-beta-N-Acetylglucosaminidase F [M0009335]

Endo-beta-N-Acetylglucosaminidase H [M0009336]

Endo-Dextranase [M0006106]

Endobulin [M0025516]

Endocellulases [M0445548]

Endochitinase [M0004104]

Endodeoxyribonuclease BpeI [M0023467]

Endodeoxyribonucleases [M0007404]
A group of enzymes catalyzing the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA. They include members of EC 3.1.21.-, EC 3.1.22.-, EC 3.1.23.- (DNA RESTRICTION ENZYMES), EC 3.1.24.- (DNA RESTRICTION ENZYMES), and EC 3.1.25.-.

Endogenous Substances Receptors [M0018575]

Endoglucanase A [M0003783]

Endoglucanase C [M0003784]

Endoglucanase E [M0003785]

Endoglucanase I [M0445568]

Endoglucanase IV [M0003787]

Endoglucanase Y [M0003786]

Endoglucuronidase [M0009364]

Endoglycosidases [M0009497]

Endohexosaminidase F [M0025890]

Endohexosaminidase H [M0025884]

Endomucins [M0058738]

Endonuclease AacI [M0023436]

Endonuclease AaeI [M0023437]

Endonuclease AccEBI [M0023438]

Endonuclease Ali12257I [M0023439]

Endonuclease Ali12258I [M0023440]

Endonuclease AliI [M0023441]

Endonuclease Asp52I [M0023468]

Endonuclease BamFI [M0023442]

Endonuclease BamKI [M0023443]

Endonuclease BamNI [M0023444]

Endonuclease BbrI [M0023469]

Endonuclease BnaI [M0023455]

Endonuclease BpeI [M0023470]

Endonuclease Bst1503 [M0023445]

Endonuclease BstI [M0023446]

Endonuclease Cfr32I [M0023472]

Endonuclease ChuI [M0023473]

Endonuclease DdsI [M0023447]

Endonuclease Eco159I [M0023461]

Endonuclease Eco65I [M0023474]

Endonuclease Eco82I [M0023462]

Endonuclease Eco98I [M0023475]

Endonuclease Hin1076III [M0023477]

Endonuclease Hin173I [M0023478]

Endonuclease HinbIII [M0023479]

Endonuclease HinfII [M0023480]

Endonuclease HinJCII [M0023481]

Endonuclease HsuI [M0023482]

Endonuclease LlaCI [M0355436]
An isoschizomer of HindIII from Lactococcus lactis W15.

Endonuclease MkiI [M0023483]

Endonuclease P1 [M0024106]

Endonuclease RsrI [M0023463]

Endonuclease SolI [M0023458]

Endonuclease V [M0445234]

Endonuclease VIII [M0073431]

Endonucleases [M0007421]
Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the internal bonds and thereby the formation of polynucleotides or oligonucleotides from ribo- or deoxyribonucleotide chains. EC 3.1.-.

Endopeptidase Clp [M0157927]
An ATP-dependent protease found in prokaryotes, CHLOROPLASTS, and MITOCHONDRIA. It is a soluble multisubunit complex that plays a role in the degradation of many abnormal proteins.

Endopeptidase K [M0028715]
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of keratin, and of other proteins with subtilisin-like specificity. It hydrolyses peptide amides. Endopeptidase K is from the mold Tritirachium album Limber. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.21.64.

Endopeptidases [M0016230]
A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.

Endopolygalacturonase [M0017188]

Endoribonucleases [M0007423]
A family of enzymes that catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA. It includes EC 3.1.26.-, EC 3.1.27.-, EC 3.1.30.-, and EC 3.1.31.-.

Endorphenyl [M0333706]

Endorphins [M0007424]
One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; OPIOID PEPTIDES is used for the broader group.

Endostatins [M0271306]
Angiostatic proteins that are formed from proteolytic cleavage of COLLAGEN TYPE XVIII.

Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor [M0134921]

Endothelin-1 [M0028780]
A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)

Endothelin-2 [M0028781]
A 21-amino acid peptide produced predominantly within the kidney and intestine, with smaller amounts produced in the myocardium, placenta, and uterus, but the cells of origin are not clear. Endothelin-2 has no unique physiologic functions, as compared with endothelin-1. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)

Endothelin-3 [M0028782]
A 21-amino acid peptide that circulates in the plasma, but its source is not known. Endothelin-3 has been found in high concentrations in the brain and may regulate important functions in neurons and astrocytes, such as proliferation and development. It also is found throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the lung and kidney. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)

Endothelins [M0024788]
21-Amino-acid peptides produced by vascular endothelial cells and functioning as potent vasoconstrictors. The endothelin family consists of three members, ENDOTHELIN-1; ENDOTHELIN-2; and ENDOTHELIN-3. All three peptides contain 21 amino acids, but vary in amino acid composition. The three peptides produce vasoconstrictor and pressor responses in various parts of the body. However, the quantitative profiles of the pharmacological activities are considerably different among the three isopeptides.

Enisyl [M0012837]

Enkephalin Receptor [M0018581]

Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)- [M0111607]
An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.

Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)- [M0328765]
A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.

Enkephalin, Leucine [M0007454]
One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.

Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine [M0024921]
A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.

Enkephalin, Methionine [M0007455]
One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.

Enkephalins [M0007456]
One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla.

Enoyl-(Acyl-Carrier Protein) Reductase (NADPH, B-Specific) [M0081135]
An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] to trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. It has a preference for acyl derivatives with carbon chain length from 4 to 16.

Enoyl-(Acyl-Carrier-Protein) Reductase (NADH) [M0073480]
An NAD-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] to trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-[acyl-carrier protein]. It has a preference for acyl groups with a carbon chain length between 4 to 16.

Enoyl-CoA Hydratase [M0007457]
An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the hydration of unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA to yield beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA. It plays a role in the oxidation of fatty acids and in mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis, has broad specificity, and is most active with crotonyl-CoA. EC 4.2.1.17.

Enterobactin [M0007475]
An iron-binding cyclic trimer of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine. It is produced by E COLI and other enteric bacteria.

Enteroglucagons [M0496329]

Enteropeptidase [M0007484]
A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts TRYPSINOGEN into its active form TRYPSIN by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9.

env Glycoproteins [M0024062]

Enviomycin [M0007499]
Cyclic basic peptide related to VIOMYCIN. It is isolated from an induced mutant of Streptomyces griseoverticillatus var. tuberacticus and acts as an antitubercular agent with less ototoxicity than tuberactinomycin.

Enzyme Precursors [M0007521]
Physiologically inactive substances that can be converted to active enzymes.

Enzymes, Immobilized [M0007530]
Enzymes which are immobilized on or in a variety of water-soluble or water-insoluble matrices with little or no loss of their catalytic activity. Since they can be reused continuously, immobilized enzymes have found wide application in the industrial, medical and research fields.

Eosinophil Cationic Protein [M0456415]
One of several basic proteins released from EOSINOPHIL cytoplasmic granules. Eosinophil cationic protein is a 21-kDa cytotoxic peptide with a pI of 10.9. Although eosinophil cationic protein is considered a member of the RNAse A superfamily of proteins, it has only limited RNAse activity.

Eosinophil Granule Proteins [M0069643]
Proteins found in EOSINOPHIL granules. They are primarily basic proteins that play a role in host defense and the proinflammatory actions of activated eosinophils.

Eosinophil Major Basic Protein [M0069649]
One of several basic proteins released from EOSINOPHIL cytoplasmic granules. Eosinophil major basic protein is a 14-kDa cytotoxic peptide with a pI of 10.9. In addition to its direct cytotoxic effects, it stimulates the release of variety of INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS.

Eosinophil Peroxidase [M0105781]
A 66-kDa peroxidase found in EOSINOPHIL granules. Eosinophil peroxidase is a cationic protein with a pI of 10.8 and is comprised of a heavy chain subunit and a light chain subunit. It possesses cytotoxic activity towards BACTERIA and other organisms, which is attributed to its peroxidase activity.

Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin [M0166890]
A 19-kDa cationic peptide found in EOSINOPHIL granules. Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin is a RIBONUCLEASE and may play a role as an endogenous antiviral agent.

Eph Ligand Family 2 Protein, Mammalian [M0244281]

Ephrin A Receptors [M0409929]

Ephrin B Receptors [M0296980]

Ephrin-A1 [M0181712]
An ephrin that was originally identified as the product of an early response gene induced by TUMOR NECROSIS FACTORS. It is linked to the CELL MEMBRANE via a GLYCOINOSITOL PHOSPHOLIPID MEMBRANE ANCHOR and binds EPHA2 RECEPTOR with high affinity. During embryogenesis high levels of ephrin-A1 are expressed in LUNG; KIDNEY; SALIVARY GLANDS; and INTESTINE.

Ephrin-A2 [M0296966]
A GLYCOINOSITOL PHOSPHOLIPID MEMBRANE ANCHOR-containing ephrin with a high affinity for the EPHA3 RECEPTOR. Early in embryogenesis it is expressed at high levels in the MESENCEPHALON; SOMITES; branchial arches, and LIMB BUD.

Ephrin-A3 [M0242150]
A GLYCOINOSITOL PHOSPHOLIPID MEMBRANE ANCHOR containing ephrin with a high affinity for the EPHA3 RECEPTOR; EPHA5 RECEPTOR; EPHA6 RECEPTOR; EPHA7 RECEPTOR; and EPHA8 RECEPTOR. It is found primarily in NERVE TISSUE.

Ephrin-A4 [M0242157]
A GLYCOINOSITOL PHOSPHOLIPID MEMBRANE ANCHOR containing ephrin found in variety of adult tissue such as KIDNEY; LUNG; COLON and OVARY. During embryonic development, ephrin-A4 is expressed in the HIPPOCAMPUS and CEREBRAL CORTEX. It binds preferentially to ephA receptors (EPH FAMILY RECEPTORS) with the exception of the EPHA1 RECEPTOR.

Ephrin-A5 [M0296978]
A GLYCOINOSITOL PHOSPHOLIPID MEMBRANE ANCHOR containing ephrin found in developing tectum. It has been shown to mediate the bundling of cortical axons and repel the axonal growth of retinal ganglia axons. It is found in a variety of adult tissues of BRAIN; HEART; and KIDNEY.

Ephrin-B1 [M0235725]
A transmembrane domain containing ephrin that is specific for EPHB1 RECEPTOR; EPHB2 RECEPTOR and EPHB3 RECEPTOR. It is widely expressed in a variety of developing and adult tissues.

Ephrin-B2 [M0256945]
A transmembrane domain containing ephrin that binds with high affinity to EPHB1 RECEPTOR; EPHB3 RECEPTOR; and EPHB4 RECEPTOR. Expression of ephrin-B2 occurs in a variety of adult tissues. During embryogenesis, high levels of ephrin-B2 is seen in the PROSENCEPHALON; RHOMBENCEPHALON; developing SOMITES; LIMB BUD; and bronchial arches.

Ephrin-B3 [M0286807]
A transmembrane domain containing ephrin. Although originally found to be specific for the EPHB3 RECEPTOR it has since been shown to bind a variety of EPH FAMILY RECEPTORS. During embryogenesis ephrin-B3 is expressed at high levels in the ventral neural tube. In adult tissues, it is found primarily in the BRAIN and HEART.

Ephrins [M0409594]
Signaling proteins that are ligands for the EPH FAMILY RECEPTORS. They are membrane-bound proteins that are attached to the CELL MEMBRANE either through a GLYCOINOSITOL PHOSPHOLIPID MEMBRANE ANCHOR or through a transmembrane domain. Many of the ephrins are considered important intercellular signaling molecules that control morphogenic changes during embryogenesis.

Epidermal Growth Factor [M0007549]
A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells.

Epidermolytic Toxins [M0008010]

Epididymal Secretory Proteins [M0148666]
Proteins secreted by the epididymal epithelium. These proteins are both tissue- and species-specific. They are important molecular agents in the process of sperm maturation.

Epimerases [M0029702]

Epithelial Sodium Channel [M0254795]
An AMILORIDE-sensitive sodium channel found on salt-reabsorbing EPITHELIAL CELLS that line the distal NEPHRON, the distal COLON; SALIVARY DUCTS; SWEAT GLANDS; and the LUNG. It plays a critical role in the control of sodium balance, BLOOD VOLUME, and BLOOD PRESSURE.

Epithelial Sodium Channel, alpha Subunit [M0484144]

Epithelial Sodium Channel, beta Subunit [M0484145]

Epithelial Sodium Channel, delta Subunit [M0484148]

Epithelial Sodium Channel, gamma Subunit [M0484146]

Epoetin Alfa [M0028770]
This recombinant erythropoetin, a 165-amino acid glycoprotein (about 62% protein and 38% carbohydrate), regulates red blood cell production. Epoetin alfa is produced by Chinese hamster ovary cells into which the human erythropoetin gene has been inserted. (USP Dictionary of USAN and International Drug Names, 1996).

Epogen [M0373310]

Epothilone Polyketide Synthase [M0357204]

Epoxide Hydrolases [M0007610]
Enzymes that catalyze reversibly the formation of an epoxide or arene oxide from a glycol or aromatic diol, respectively. EC 3.3.2.3.

Eprex [M0028767]

Epsamon [M0351466]

Epsikapron [M0351465]

epsilon-Casein [M0003591]

epsilon-Crystallins [M0005395]
A group of crystallins that have been found in the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE) of DUCKS and CROCODILES. They are inactivated forms of the B chain subunit of lactate dehydrogenase.

epsilon-Globin [M0009286]

Epsilon-Polylysine [M0017205]

epsilon-Sarcoglycan [M0284713]

Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens [M0028753]
Nuclear antigens encoded by VIRAL GENES found in HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 4. At least six nuclear antigens have been identified.

Equilibrative Nucleoside Transport Proteins [M0283370]
A class of sodium-independent nucleoside transporters that mediate the facilitative transport of NUCLEOSIDES.

Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1 [M0270202]
A subtype of equilibrative nucleoside transporter proteins that is sensitive to inhibition by 4-nitrobenzylthioinosine.

Equilibrative-Nucleoside Transporter 2 [M0285219]
A subtype of equilibrative nucleoside transporter proteins that is insensitive to inhibition by 4-nitrobenzylthioinosine.

Erabutoxins [M0007648]
Toxins isolated from the venom of Laticauda semifasciata, a sea snake (Hydrophid); immunogenic, basic polypeptides of 62 amino acids, folded by four disulfide bonds, block neuromuscular end-plates irreversibly, thus causing paralysis and severe muscle damage; they are similar to Elapid neurotoxins.

ERbetacx [M0265133]

Erwinase [M0001816]

Eryhem [M0010130]

erythro-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylserine [M0023231]

Erythrocruorins [M0007692]
High molecular weight (1,500,000 to 3,000,000) hemoglobins found in the plasma of many polychete and oligochete annelid worms and various mollusks. They bind one mole of oxygen per heme and function as oxygen carriers.

Erythrocyte Band 4.5 Protein [M0014035]

Erythrocyte Lactate Transporters [M0110478]

Erythrocyte protein p55 [M0075050]

Erythroid-Specific DNA-Binding Factors [M0166803]
A group of transcription factors that were originally described as being specific to ERYTHROID CELLS.

Erythromycin Polyketide Synthase [M0171384]

Erythropoietin [M0007726]
Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the kidney in the adult and the liver in the fetus, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.

Erythropoietin, Recombinant [M0028769]
ERYTHROPOIETIN prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Erythrose Reductase [M0000684]

Escherichia coli Proteins [M0385527]
Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Escherichia coli Proton-Translocating ATPase [M0009722]

Esterase 10 [M0090430]

Esterases [M0007764]

Estradiol 17 alpha-Dehydrogenase [M0007778]

Estradiol 17 beta-Dehydrogenase [M0007779]

Estradiol Dehydrogenases [M0007780]
Enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of estradiol at the 17-hydroxyl group in the presence of NAD+ or NADP+ to yield estrone and NADH or NADPH. The 17-hydroxyl group can be in the alpha- or beta-configuration. EC 1.1.1.62

Estrogen Nuclear Receptor [M0018587]

Estrogen Receptor 1 [M0420629]

Estrogen Receptor 2 [M0420631]

Estrogen Receptor alpha [M0280632]
One of the ESTROGEN RECEPTORS that has marked affinity for ESTRADIOL. Its expression and function differs from, and in some ways opposes, ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA.

Estrogen Receptor beta [M0265136]
One of the ESTROGEN RECEPTORS that has greater affinity for ISOFLAVONES than ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA does. There is great sequence homology with ER alpha in the DNA-binding domain but not in the ligand binding and hinge domains.

Estrogen UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase [M0022219]

Estrone Glucuronyltransferase [M0022220]

Ethanolamine Ammonia-Lyase [M0007821]
An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of ethanolamine to acetaldehyde. EC 4.3.1.7.

Ethanolaminephosphotransferase [M0007822]
An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the transfer of phosphoethanolamine from CDP-ethanolamine to diacylglycerol to yield phosphatidylethanolamine (cephalin) and CMP. The enzyme is found in the endoplasmic reticulum. EC 2.7.8.1.

Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels [M0230007]
A family of voltage-gated potassium channels that are characterized by long N-terminal and C-terminal intracellular tails. They are named from the Drosophila protein whose mutation causes abnormal leg shaking under ether anesthesia. Their activation kinetics are dependent on extracellular MAGNESIUM and PROTON concentration.

Ethionine [M0007870]
2-Amino-4-(ethylthio)butyric acid. An antimetabolite and methionine antagonist that interferes with amino acid incorporation into proteins and with cellular ATP utilization. It also produces liver neoplasms.

Ethylmorphine-N-Demethylase [M0007913]
A drug-metabolizing enzyme of the hepatic microsomal oxidase system which catalyzes the oxidation of the N-methyl group of ethylmorphine with the formation of formaldehyde.

ets-Domain Protein Elk-1 [M0164561]
A member of the ternary complex family of ets-related transcription factors that is regulated by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES including JNK MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1; MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3; and P38 MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES.

ets-Domain Protein Elk-4 [M0197465]
A member of the ternary complex family of ets-related transcription factors that is regulated by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES such as EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED MAP KINASES; and P38 MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES.

Eu-Actinin [M0000277]

Euglobulins [M0019696]

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-1 [M0024412]
A eukaryotic initiation factor that binds to 40S ribosomal subunits. Although initially considered a "non-essential" factor for eukaryotic transcription initiation, eukaryotic initiation factor-1 is now thought to play an important role in localizing RIBOSOMES at the initiation codon of MRNA.

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2 [M0024274]
Eukaryotic initiation factor of protein synthesis. In higher eukaryotes the factor consists of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. As initiation proceeds, eIF-2 forms a ternary complex with Met-tRNAi and GTP.

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2, alpha Subunit [M0024275]

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2, beta Subunit [M0024276]

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2, gamma Subunit [M0024277]

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2B [M0328184]
A guanine nucleotide exchange factor that acts to restore EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2 to its GTP bound form.

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2B, alpha Subunit [M0331721]

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2B, beta Subunit [M0331722]

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2B, delta Subunit [M0331723]

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2B, epsilon Subunit [M0331724]

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2B, gamma Subunit [M0331725]

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-3 [M0177967]
A multisubunit eukaryotic initiation factor that contains at least 8 distinct polypeptides. It plays a role in recycling of ribosomal subunits to the site of transcription initiation by promoting the dissociation of non-translating ribosomal subunits. It also is involved in promoting the binding of a ternary complex of EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2; GTP; and INITIATOR TRNA to the 40S ribosomal subunit.

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-3, Subunit 1 [M0420011]

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-3, Subunit 2 [M0420012]

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-3, Subunit 3 [M0407774]

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-3, Subunit 4 [M0303455]

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-3, Subunit 5 [M0420013]

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-3, Subunit 6 [M0242820]

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-3, Subunit 7 [M0420029]

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-3, Subunit 8 [M0373801]

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4A [M0086510]
A component of eukaryotic initiation factor 4F that as an RNA helicase involved in unwinding the secondary structure of the 5' UNTRANSLATED REGION of MRNA. The unwinding facilitates the binding of the 40S ribosomal subunit.

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4A1 [M0086506]

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4A2 [M0086507]

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4A3 [M0350427]

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4E [M0138060]
A peptide initiation factor that binds specifically to the 5' MRNA CAP STRUCTURE of MRNA in the CYTOPLASM. It is a component of the trimeric complex EIF4F.

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4F [M0114953]
A trimeric peptide initiation factor complex that associates with the 5' MRNA cap structure of RNA (RNA CAPS) and plays an essential role in MRNA TRANSLATION. It is composed of EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-4A; EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-4E; and EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-4G.

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4G [M0158342]
A component of eukaryotic initiation factor-4F that is involved in multiple protein interactions at the site of translation initiation. Thus it may serve a role in bringing together various initiation factors at the site of translation initiation.

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-5 [M0110035]
A eukaryotic initiation factor that interacts with the 40S initiation complex and promotes the hydrolysis of the bound GTP. The hydrolysis of GTP causes the release of EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2 and EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-3 from the 40S subunit and the subsequent joining of the 60S ribosomal subunit to the 40S complex to form the functional 80S initiation complex

Eukaryotic Initiation Factors [M0419373]
Peptide initiation factors from eukaryotic organisms. Over twelve factors are involved in PEPTIDE CHAIN INITIATION, TRANSLATIONAL in eukaryotic cells. Many of these factors play a role in controlling the rate of MRNA TRANSLATION.

Eurespiran [M0447197]

Euthyrox [M0463502]

Excitatory Amino Acid Receptor [M0026505]

Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1 [M0074564]
A glial type glutamate plasma membrane transporter protein found predominately in ASTROCYTES. It is also expressed in HEART and SKELETAL MUSCLE and in the PLACENTA.

Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2 [M0244870]
A glutamate plasma membrane transporter protein found in ASTROCYTES and in the LIVER.

Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 3 [M0122875]
A neuronal and epithelial type glutamate plasma membrane transporter protein.

Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 4 [M0476512]
A glutamate plasma membrane transporter protein that is primarily expressed in cerebellar PURKINJE CELLS on postsynaptic DENDRITIC SPINES.

Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 5 [M0476513]
A glutamate plasma membrane transporter protein that is primarily expressed in the RETINA.

Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter Proteins [M0477141]

Excitatory Amino Acids [M0028199]
Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear.

Exfoliatin Toxin A [M0008011]

Exfoliatins [M0008012]
Protein exotoxins from Staphylococcus aureus, phage type II, which cause epidermal necrolysis. They are proteins with a molecular weight of 26,000 to 32,000. They cause a condition variously called scaled skin, Lyell or Ritter syndrome, epidermal exfoliative disease, toxic epidermal necrolysis, etc.

Exfoliative Toxin B [M0008013]

Exfoliative Toxins [M0008014]

Exo-beta-D-Glucuronidase [M0009365]

Exo-Oligo-1,6-Glucosidase [M0015260]

Exocellulases [M0445545]

Exodeoxyribonuclease V [M0082759]
An ATP-dependent exodeoxyribonuclease that cleaves in either the 5'- to 3'- or the 3'- to 5'-direction to yield 5'-phosphooligonucleotides. It is primarily found in BACTERIA.

Exodeoxyribonuclease V, alpha Chain [M0448828]

Exodeoxyribonuclease V, beta Chain [M0448830]

Exodeoxyribonuclease V, gamma Chain [M0448829]

Exodeoxyribonucleases [M0008024]
A family of enzymes that catalyze the exonucleolytic cleavage of DNA. It includes members of the class EC 3.1.11 that produce 5'-phosphomonoesters as cleavage products.

Exoglycosidases [M0009498]

Exolipase [M0012544]

Exomuc [M0447200]

Exonucleases [M0008030]
Enzymes that catalyze the release of mononucleotides by the hydrolysis of the terminal bond of deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide chains.

Exopenicillinase [M0016149]

Exopeptidases [M0079942]
A sub-subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that act only near the ends of polypeptide chains. Exopeptidases are further divided into AMINOPEPTIDASES; EC 3.4.11; DIPEPTIDASES; EC 3.4.13; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASES & tripeptidyl peptidases, EC 3.4.14; peptidyl-dipeptidases, EC 3.4.15; CARBOXYPEPTIDASES; EC 3.4.16 - EC 3.4.18, and omega peptidases, EC 3.4.19. EC 3.4.-.

Exoribonucleases [M0008035]
A family of enzymes that catalyze the exonucleolytic cleavage of RNA. It includes EC 3.1.13.-, EC 3.1.14.-, EC 3.1.15.-, and EC 3.1.16.-. EC 3.1.-

Exportins [M0383378]
A subclass of karyopherins that function specifically to export molecules into the nucleus.

Exteins [M0458491]
The (EXternal proTEIN) sequences flanking INTEINS, which are internal fragments of precursor proteins removed by PROTEIN SPLICING. Concomitantly, as the inteins are excised, the exteins are ligated to form mature proteins.

Extracellular Matrix Glycoprotein Receptors [M0024501]

Extracellular Matrix Proteins [M0024954]
Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., COLLAGEN; ELASTIN; FIBRONECTINS; and LAMININ).

Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases [M0027004]
A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that is widely expressed and plays a role in regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and post mitotic functions in differentiated cells. The extracellular signal regulated MAP kinases are regulated by a broad variety of CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS and can be activated by certain CARCINOGENS.

Extranase [M0463230]

Extrinsic Plasminogen Activators [M0016993]

Eye Lens Protein [M0005400]

Eye Proteins [M0008099]

F Protein Newcastle Disease Virus [M0022723]

F VIII-vWf [M0022846]

F-Actin [M0456011]

F-Box Proteins [M0446216]
A family of proteins that share the F-BOX MOTIF and are involved in protein-protein interactions. They play an important role in process of protein ubiquition by associating with a variety of substrates and then associating into SCF UBIQUITIN LIGASE complexes. They are held in the ubiquitin-ligase complex via binding to SKP DOMAIN PROTEINS.

F1 Polypeptide (Paramyxovirus) [M0022724]

Fabrol [M0447203]

Factor For Inversion Stimulation Protein [M0089784]
A highly abundant DNA binding protein whose expression is strongly correlated with the growth phase of bacteria. The protein plays a role in regulating DNA topology and activation of RIBOSOMAL RNA transcription. It was originally identified as a factor required for inversion stimulation by the Hin recombinase of SALMONELLA and Gin site-specific recombinase of BACTERIOPHAGE MU.

Factor IX [M0008141]
Storage-stable blood coagulation factor acting in the intrinsic pathway. Its activated form, IXa, forms a complex with factor VIII and calcium on platelet factor 3 to activate factor X to Xa. Deficiency of factor IX results in HEMOPHILIA B (Christmas Disease).

Factor IXa [M0024398]
Activated form of factor IX. This activation can take place via the intrinsic pathway by the action of factor XIa and calcium, or via the extrinsic pathway by the action of factor VIIa, thromboplastin, and calcium. Factor IXa serves to activate factor X to Xa by cleaving the arginyl-leucine peptide bond in factor X.

Factor V [M0008142]
Heat- and storage-labile plasma glycoprotein which accelerates the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in blood coagulation. Factor V accomplishes this by forming a complex with factor Xa, phospholipid, and calcium (prothrombinase complex). Deficiency of factor V leads to Owren's disease.

Factor Va [M0024391]
Activated form of factor V. It is an essential cofactor for the activation of prothrombin catalyzed by factor Xa.

Factor VII [M0008144]
Heat- and storage-stable plasma protein that is activated by tissue thromboplastin to form factor VIIa in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. The activated form then catalyzes the activation of factor X to factor Xa.

Factor VIIa [M0024390]
Activated form of factor VII. Factor VIIa activates factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.

Factor VIII [M0008146]
Blood-coagulation factor VIII. Antihemophilic factor that is part of the factor VIII/von Willebrand factor complex. Factor VIII is produced in the liver and acts in the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. It serves as a cofactor in factor X activation and this action is markedly enhanced by small amounts of thrombin.

Factor VIII Coagulant Antigen [M0008149]

Factor VIII Procoagulant Activity [M0008153]

Factor VIII-Heavy Chain [M0008147]

Factor VIII-Related Antigen [M0022847]

Factor VIIIa [M0024392]
Activated form of factor VIII. The B-domain of factor VIII is proteolytically cleaved by thrombin to form factor VIIIa. Factor VIIIa exists as a non-covalent dimer in a metal-linked (probably calcium) complex and functions as a cofactor in the enzymatic activation of factor X by factor IXa. Factor VIIIa is similar in structure and generation to factor Va.

Factor VIIIC [M0008151]

Factor VIIIR-Ag [M0022852]

Factor VIIIR-RCo [M0022848]

Factor X [M0008154]
Storage-stable glycoprotein blood coagulation factor that can be activated to factor Xa by both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. A deficiency of factor X, sometimes called Stuart-Prower factor deficiency, may lead to a systemic coagulation disorder.

Factor Xa [M0024399]
Activated form of factor X that participates in both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood coagulation. It catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in conjunction with other cofactors.

Factor XI [M0008156]
Stable blood coagulation factor involved in the intrinsic pathway. The activated form XIa activates factor IX to IXa. Deficiency of factor XI is often called hemophilia C.

Factor XIa [M0024393]
Activated form of factor XI. In the intrinsic pathway, Factor XI is activated to XIa by factor XIIa in the presence of cofactor HMWK; (HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT KININOGEN). Factor XIa then activates factor IX to factor IXa in the presence of calcium.

Factor XII [M0008158]
Stable blood coagulation factor activated by contact with the subendothelial surface of an injured vessel. Along with prekallikrein, it serves as the contact factor that initiates the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. Kallikrein activates factor XII to XIIa. Deficiency of factor XII, also called the Hageman trait, leads to increased incidence of thromboembolic disease.

Factor XIIa [M0024400]
Activated form of factor XII. In the initial event in the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation, kallikrein (with cofactor HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT KININOGEN) cleaves factor XII to XIIa. Factor XIIa is then further cleaved by kallikrein, plasmin, and trypsin to yield smaller factor XII fragments (Hageman-Factor fragments). These fragments increase the activity of prekallikrein to kallikrein but decrease the procoagulant activity of factor XII.

Factor XIII [M0008160]
A fibrin-stabilizing plasma enzyme (TRANSGLUTAMINASES) that is activated by THROMBIN and CALCIUM to form FACTOR XIIIA. It is important for stabilizing the formation of the fibrin polymer (clot) which culminates the coagulation cascade.

Factor XIII A-Chain [M0008161]

Factor XIIIa [M0017881]
Activated form of FACTOR XIII, a transglutaminase, which stabilizes the formation of the fibrin polymer (clot) culminating the blood coagulation cascade.

Factrel [M0012447]

Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group A Protein [M0483788]
A Fanconi anemia complementation group protein that is the most commonly mutated protein in FANCONI ANEMIA. It undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by PROTEIN KINASE B and forms a complex with FANCC PROTEIN in the CELL NUCLEUS.

Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group C Protein [M0217296]
A Fanconi anemia complementation group protein that regulates the activities of CYTOCHROME P450 REDUCTASE and GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE. It is found predominately in the CYTOPLASM, but moves to the CELL NUCLEUS in response to FANCE PROTEIN.

Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group D2 Protein [M0383516]
A Fanconi anemia complementation group protein that undergoes mono-ubiquitination by FANCL PROTEIN in response to DNA DAMAGE. Also, in response to IONIZING RADIATION it can undergo PHOSPHORYLATION by ATAXIA TELANGIECTASIA MUTATED PROTEIN. Modified FANCD2 interacts with BRCA2 PROTEIN in a stable complex with CHROMATIN, and it is involved in DNA REPAIR by homologous RECOMBINATION.

Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group E Protein [M0483808]
A Fanconi anemia complementation group protein that interacts with FANCC PROTEIN and FANCD2 PROTEIN. It promotes the accumulation of FANCC protein in the CELL NUCLEUS.

Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group F Protein [M0483789]
A Fanconi anemia complementation group protein. It is an essential component of a nuclear core complex that protects the GENOME against CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY. It interacts directly with FANCG PROTEIN and helps stabilize a complex with FANCA PROTEIN and FANCC PROTEIN.

Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group G Protein [M0280192]
A Fanconi anemia complementation group protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE during MITOSIS. It forms a complex with other FANCONI ANEMIA PROTEINS and helps protect CELLS from DNA DAMAGE by genotoxic agents.

Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group L Protein [M0483809]
An E3 UBIQUITIN LIGASE that plays a key role in the DNA damage response pathway of FANCONI ANEMIA PROTEINS. It is associated with mono-ubiquitination of FANCD2 PROTEIN and the redistribution of FANCD2 to nuclear foci containing BRCA1 PROTEIN.

Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group Proteins [M0217295]
A diverse group of proteins whose genetic MUTATIONS have been associated with the chromosomal instability syndrome FANCONI ANEMIA. Many of these proteins play important roles in protecting CELLS against OXIDATIVE STRESS.

Farnesyl-Diphosphate Farnesyltransferase [M0020401]
The first committed enzyme of the biosynthesis pathway that leads to the production of STEROLS. it catalyzes the synthesis of SQUALENE from FARNESYL PYROPHOSPHATE via the intermediate PRESQUALENE PYROPHOSPHATE. This enzyme is also a critical branch point enzyme in the biosynthesis of ISOPRENOIDS that is thought to regulate the flux of ISOPRENE intermediates through the sterol pathway.

Farnesyltranstransferase [M0204347]
An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate from trans, trans-farnesyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate.

fas Death-Inducing Signaling Complex Components [M0492984]

Fas Ligand Protein [M0229054]
A transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that was originally discovered on cells of the lymphoid-myeloid lineage, including activated T-LYMPHOCYTES and NATURAL KILLER CELLS. It plays an important role in immune homeostasis and cell-mediated toxicity by binding to the FAS RECEPTOR and triggering APOPTOSIS.

Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein [M0245371]
A signal-transducing adaptor protein that associates with TNF RECEPTOR complexes. It contains a death effector domain that can interact with death effector domains found on INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 8 and CASPASE 10. Activation of CASPASES via interaction with this protein plays a role in the signaling cascade that leads to APOPTOSIS.

Fatty Acid Desaturases [M0446718]
A family of enzymes that catalyze the stereoselective, regioselective, or chemoselective syn-dehydrogenation reactions. They function by a mechanism that is linked directly to reduction of molecular OXYGEN.

Fatty Acid Synthetase Complex [M0008263]

Fatty Acid Transport Proteins [M0283532]
A broad category of membrane transport proteins that specifically transport FREE FATTY ACIDS across cellular membranes. They play an important role in LIPID METABOLISM in CELLS that utilize free fatty acids as an energy source.

Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins [M0075751]
Intracellular proteins that reversibly bind hydrophobic ligands including: saturated and unsaturated FATTY ACIDS; EICOSANOIDS; and RETINOIDS. They are considered a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed family of proteins that may play a role in the metabolism of LIPIDS.

Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins, Adipocyte-Specific [M0075736]

Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins, Brain-Specific [M0075722]

Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins, Cytosolic-Specific [M0373127]

Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins, Intestinal-Specific [M0075743]

Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins, Liver-Specific [M0075745]

Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins, Myocardial-Specific [M0075739]

Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins, Plasma-Membrane Specific [M0075725]

Fc epsilon RI [M0026488]

Fc epsilon RII [M0026489]

Fe-Zn Superoxide Dismutase [M0020829]

Felypressin [M0008307]
A synthetic analog of lysine vasopressin with a PHENYLALANINE substitution at residue 2. Felypressin is a vasoconstrictor with reduced antidiuretic activity.

Fenclonine [M0015725]
A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.

Fenclonine (L)-Isomer [M0329930]

Fenclonine Hydrobromide [M0329934]

Fenclonine, (D)-Isomer [M0329929]

Ferredoxin Hydrogenase [M0010723]

Ferredoxin I [M0008345]

Ferredoxin II [M0008346]

Ferredoxin III [M0008348]

Ferredoxin-NADP Reductase [M0008344]
An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation and reduction of FERREDOXIN or ADRENODOXIN in the presence of NADP. EC 1.18.1.2 was formerly listed as EC 1.6.7.1 and EC 1.6.99.4.

Ferredoxin-Nitrite Reductase [M0081222]
An IRON-containing protein that uses siroheme and 4Fe-4S iron-sulfur centers as prosthetic groups. It catalyzes the six-electron oxidation of AMMONIA to nitrite.

Ferredoxins [M0008347]
Iron-containing proteins that transfer electrons, usually at a low potential, to flavoproteins; the iron is not present as in heme. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

Ferrichrome [M0008353]
A cyclic peptide consisting of three residues of delta-N-hydroxy-delta-N-acetylornithine. It acts as an iron transport agent in Ustilago sphaerogena.

Ferrihorseradish Peroxidase [M0010546]

Ferritin Heavy Chain [M0496078]

Ferritin Light Chain [M0496079]

Ferritins [M0008355]
Iron-containing proteins that are widely distributed in animals, plants, and microorganisms. Their major function is to store IRON in a nontoxic bioavailable form. Each ferritin molecule consists of ferric iron in a hollow protein shell (APOFERRITINS) made of 24 subunits of various sequences depending on the species and tissue types.

Ferrochelatase [M0008356]
A mitochondrial enzyme found in a wide variety of cells and tissues. It is the final enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Ferrochelatase catalyzes ferrous insertion into protoporphyrin IX to form protoheme or heme. Deficiency in this enzyme results in ERYTHROPOIETIC PROTOPORPHYRIA.

Ferrous Hemoglobin [M0010131]

Ferroxidase I [M0003927]

Festinex [M0475588]

Fetal Globulins [M0008409]

Fetal Hemoglobin [M0008402]
The major component of hemoglobin in the fetus. This HEMOGLOBIN has two alpha and two gamma polypeptide subunits in comparison to normal adult hemoglobin, which has two alpha and two beta polypeptide subunits. Fetal hemoglobin concentrations can be elevated (usually above 0.5%) in children and adults affected by LEUKEMIA and several types of ANEMIA.

Fetal Proteins [M0008410]

Fetoprotein [M0000764]

FI-6934 [M0373519]

Fiblaferon [M0331822]

Fibril-Associated Collagens [M0369273]
A family of non-fibrillar collagens that interact with FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS. They contain short triple helical domains interrupted by short non-helical domains and do not form into collagen fibrils.

Fibrillar Collagens [M0369274]
A family of structurally related collagens that form the characteristic collagen fibril bundles seen in CONNECTIVE TISSUE.

Fibrin [M0008424]
A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.

Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products [M0008426]
Soluble protein fragments formed by the proteolytic action of plasmin on fibrin or fibrinogen. FDP and their complexes profoundly impair the hemostatic process and are a major cause of hemorrhage in intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis.

Fibrin Foam [M0008427]
A dry artificial sterile sponge of fibrin prepared by clotting with thrombin a foam or solution of fibrinogen. It is used in conjunction with thrombin as a hemostatic in surgery at sites where bleeding cannot be controlled by more common methods. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p648)

Fibrin Klebe System Immuno [M0373274]

Fibrin Seal [M0373273]

Fibrin Sealant, Human [M0464876]

Fibrin Tissue Adhesive [M0024100]
An autologous or commercial tissue adhesive containing FIBRINOGEN and THROMBIN. The commercial product is a two component system from human plasma that contains more than fibrinogen and thrombin. The first component contains highly concentrated fibrinogen, FACTOR VIII, fibronectin, and traces of other plasma proteins. The second component contains thrombin, calcium chloride, and antifibrinolytic agents such as APROTININ. Mixing of the two components promotes BLOOD CLOTTING and the formation and cross-linking of fibrin. The tissue adhesive is used for tissue sealing, HEMOSTASIS, and WOUND HEALING.

Fibrinogen [M0008430]
Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.

Fibrinogens, Abnormal [M0023429]
Fibrinogens which have a functional defect as the result of one or more amino acid substitutions in the amino acid sequence of normal fibrinogen. Abnormalities of the fibrinogen molecule may impair any of the major steps involved in the conversion of fibrinogen into stabilized fibrin, such as cleavage of the fibrinopeptides by thrombin, polymerization and cross-linking of fibrin. The resulting dysfibrinogenemias can be clinically silent or can be associated with bleeding, thrombosis or defective wound healing.

Fibrinopeptide A [M0008435]
Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the alpha chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin during the blood coagulation process. Each peptide chain contains 18 amino acid residues. In vivo, fibrinopeptide A is used as a marker to determine the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.

Fibrinopeptide B [M0008436]
Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the beta chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin. Each peptide chain contains 20 amino acid residues. The removal of fibrinopeptides B is not required for coagulation.

Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 [M0024768]
A 17-kDa single-chain polypeptide growth factor that plays a significant role in the process of WOUND HEALING and is a potent inducer of PHYSIOLOGIC ANGIOGENESIS. It binds to HEPARIN, which potentiates its biological activity and protects it from proteolysis. The growth factor is an extremely potent inducer of DNA synthesis in a variety of cell types from mesoderm and neuroectoderm lineages, and also has chemotactic and mitogenic activities. It was originally named acidic fibroblast growth factor based upon its chemical properties and to distinguish it from basic fibroblast growth factor (FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2).

Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 [M0263998]
A fibroblast growth factor that is a mitogen for KERATINOCYTES. It activates FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2B and is involved in LUNG and limb development.

Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 [M0024770]
A single-chain polypeptide growth factor that plays a significant role in the process of WOUND HEALING and is a potent inducer of PHYSIOLOGIC ANGIOGENESIS. Several different forms of the human protein exist ranging from 18-24 kDa in size due to the use of alternative start sites within the fgf-2 gene. It has a 55 percent amino acid residue identity to FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 1 and has potent heparin-binding activity. The growth factor is an extremely potent inducer of DNA synthesis in a variety of cell types from mesoderm and neuroectoderm lineages. It was originally named basic fibroblast growth factor based upon its chemical properties and to distinguish it from acidic fibroblast growth factor (FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 1).

Fibroblast Growth Factor 3 [M0480871]
A fibroblast growth factor that is expressed primarily during development.

Fibroblast Growth Factor 4 [M0174910]
A HEPARIN binding fibroblast growth factor that may play a role in LIMB BUD development.

Fibroblast Growth Factor 5 [M0185905]
A fibroblast growth factor that may play a role in regulation of HAIR FOLLICLE phenotype. Spontaneous mutation of the gene for this protein results in a strain of MICE with abnormally long hair, referred to as angora mice.

Fibroblast Growth Factor 6 [M0480880]
A fibroblast growth factor that was initially identified based on its sequence similarity to FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 4. It is found in MYOBLASTS and plays an important role in MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT.

Fibroblast Growth Factor 7 [M0168688]
A fibroblast growth factor that is a specific mitogen for EPITHELIAL CELLS. It binds a complex of HEPARAN SULFATE and FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2B.

Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 [M0207326]
A fibroblast growth factor that preferentially activates FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 4. It was initially identified as an androgen-induced growth factor and plays a role in regulating growth of human BREAST NEOPLASMS and PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS.

Fibroblast Growth Factor 8b [M0402647]

Fibroblast Growth Factor 9 [M0257580]
A fibroblast growth factor that was originally identified as a mitogen for GLIAL CELLS. It is expressed primarily in NEURONS.

Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2b [M0358477]
An isoform of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 found mainly in EPITHELIAL CELLS that is activated by FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 7 and FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 10.

Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2c [M0355127]

Fibroblast Growth Factor Soluble Receptor 1 [M0204500]

Fibroblast Growth Factors [M0008437]
A family of small polypeptide growth factors that share several common features including a strong affinity for HEPARIN, and a central barrel-shaped core region of 140 amino acids that is highly homologous between family members. Although originally studied as proteins that stimulate the growth of fibroblasts this distinction is no longer a requirement for membership in the fibroblast growth factor family.

Fibroblast Intermediate Conductance Potassium Channel [M0355651]

Fibrogammin [M0478247]

Fibroins [M0008444]
Fibrous proteins secreted by INSECTS and SPIDERS. Generally, the term refers to silkworm fibroin secreted by the silk gland cells of SILKWORMS, Bombyx mori. Spider fibroins are called spidroins or dragline silk fibroins

Fibroins, Spider [M0461835]

Fibronectins [M0008450]
Glycoproteins found on the surfaces of cells, particularly in fibrillar structures. The proteins are lost or reduced when these cells undergo viral or chemical transformation. They are highly susceptible to proteolysis and are substrates for activated blood coagulation factor VIII. The forms present in plasma are called cold-insoluble globulins.

Fibrospum [M0008428]

Ficain [M0008460]
A sulfhydryl proteinase with cysteine at the active site from ficus latex. Preferential cleavage is at tyrosine and phenylalanine residues. EC 3.4.22.3.

Filgrastim [M0028831]
A hematopoietic growth factor which promotes proliferation and maturation of neutrophil granulocytes. Clinically it is effective in decreasing the incidence of febrile neutropenia in patients with non-myeloid malignancies receiving myelosuppressive therapy or in reducing the duration of neutropenia and neutropenia-related clinical sequelae in patients with non-myeloid malignancies undergoing myeloblastive chemotherapy followed by BMT. It has also been used in AIDS patients with CMV retinitis being treated with GANCICLOVIR. (Gelman CR, Rumack BH & Hess AJ (eds): DRUGDEX(R) System. MICROMEDEX, Inc., Englewood, Colorado (Edition expires 11/30/95))

Fimbriae Protein Precusors [M0163780]

Fimbriae Proteins [M0060788]
Proteins that are structural components of bacterial fimbriae (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) or sex pili (PILI, SEX).

Fimbrial Adhesins [M0028183]

Fish Antifreeze Proteins, Type I [M0355985]

Fish Antifreeze Proteins, Type II [M0355986]

Fish Antifreeze Proteins, Type III [M0355987]

Fish Proteins [M0385515]
Proteins obtained from species of fish (FISHES).

Fivasa [M0474826]

FK 33-824 [M0008530]

Flagellin [M0008533]
A protein with a molecular weight of 40,000 isolated from bacterial flagella. At appropriate pH and salt concentration, three flagellin monomers can spontaneously reaggregate to form structures which appear identical to intact flagella.

Flap Endonuclease-1 [M0448833]

Flap Endonucleases [M0228928]
Endonucleases that remove 5' DNA sequences from a DNA structure called a DNA flap. The DNA flap structure occurs in double-stranded DNA containing a single-stranded break where the 5' portion of the downstream strand is too long and overlaps the 3' end of the upstream strand. Flap endonucleases cleave the downstream strand of the overlap flap structure precisely after the first base-paired nucleotide, creating a ligatable nick.

Flavodoxin [M0008548]
A low-molecular-weight (16,000) iron-free flavoprotein containing one molecule of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and isolated from bacteria grown on an iron-deficient medium. It can replace ferredoxin in all the electron-transfer functions in which the latter is known to serve in bacterial cells.

Flavonoid Sulfotransferase [M0023424]

Flavoproteins [M0008550]

FLICE-Inhibitory Protein Long Form [M0278131]

FLICE-Inhibitory Protein Short Form [M0278132]

Fluimucil [M0000173]

Fluorescent Antinuclear Antibodies [M0001490]

Fluprowit [M0445968]

FMN Reductase [M0073582]
An enzyme that utilizes NADH or NADPH to reduce FLAVINS. It is involved in a number of biological processes that require reduced flavin for their functions such as bacterial bioluminescence. Formerly listed as EC 1.6.8.1

FMRFamide [M0029442]
A molluscan neuroactive peptide which induces a fast excitatory depolarizing response due to direct activation of amiloride-sensitive SODIUM CHANNELS. (From Nature 1995; 378(6558): 730-3)

FMRFamide, (D-Arg)-Isomer [M0329037]

FMRFamide, (D-Met)-Isomer [M0329036]

FMRFamide, (D-Phe)-Isomer [M0329038]

fms Oncogene Product gp120 [M0024880]

fms Oncogene Protein gp120 [M0024881]

fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3 [M0190176]
A receptor tyrosine kinase that is involved in HEMATOPOIESIS. It is closely related to FMS PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN and is commonly mutated in acute MYELOID LEUKEMIA.

FO-1561 [M0373888]

Focal Adhesion Kinase 1 [M0142569]
A non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase that is localized to FOCAL ADHESIONS and is a central component of integrin-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. Focal adhesion kinase 1 interacts with PAXILLIN and undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION in response to adhesion of cell surface integrins to the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. Phosphorylated p125FAK protein binds to a variety of SH2 DOMAIN and SH3 DOMAIN containing proteins and helps regulate CELL ADHESION and CELL MIGRATION.

Focal Adhesion Kinase 2 [M0251076]
A non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinase that is expressed primarily in the BRAIN; OSTEOBLASTS; and LYMPHOID CELLS. In the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM focal adhesion kinase 2 modulates ION CHANNEL function and MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES activity.

Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases [M0480413]
A family of non-receptor, PROLINE-rich protein-tyrosine kinases.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone [M0008869]
A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone, beta Subunit [M0117624]
The beta subunit of follicle stimulating hormone. It is a 15-kDa glycopolypeptide. Full biological activity of FSH requires the non-covalently bound heterodimers of an alpha and a beta subunit. Mutation of the FSHB gene causes delayed puberty, or infertility.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Human [M0008870]
A major gonadotropin secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and the LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. The alpha subunit is common in the three human pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

Follistatin [M0157962]
A broadly distributed protein that binds directly to ACTIVINS. It functions as an activin antagonist, inhibits FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion, regulates CELL DIFFERENTIATION, and plays an important role in embryogenesis. Follistatin is a single glycosylated polypeptide chain of approximately 37-kDa and is not a member of the inhibin family (INHIBINS). Follistatin also binds and neutralizes many members of the TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA family.

Follistatin-Like Protein 1 [M0416794]
A secreted HEPARIN-binding glycoprotein of approximately 35 kD, encoded by the FSTL1 or FRP gene. Expression of follistatin-related protein 1 is associated with growth inhibition and CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

Follistatin-Like Protein 3 [M0416793]
A secreted glycoprotein of approximately 28 kD, encoded by the FLRG or FSTL3 gene.

Follistatin-Related Proteins [M0239102]
Broadly distributed glycoproteins that are homologous to the activin-binding protein, FOLLISTATIN. These follistatin-related proteins are encoded by a number of genes.

Follistim [M0211974]

Forkhead Transcription Factors [M0166232]
A subclass of winged helix DNA-binding proteins that share homology with their founding member fork head protein, Drosophila.

Formate Dehydrogenases [M0008757]
Flavoproteins that catalyze reversibly the reduction of carbon dioxide to formate. Many compounds can act as acceptors, but the only physiologically active acceptor is NAD. The enzymes are active in the fermentation of sugars and other compounds to carbon dioxide and are the key enzymes in obtaining energy when bacteria are grown on formate as the main carbon source. They have been purified from bovine blood. EC 1.2.1.2.

Formate-Tetrahydrofolate Ligase [M0008774]
A carbon-nitrogen ligase that catalyzes the formation of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate from formate and TETRAHYDROFOLATE in the presence of ATP. In higher eukaryotes the enzyme also contains METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE (NADP+) and METHENYLTETRAHYDROFOLATE CYCLOHYDROLASE activity.

Formylmethionyl Peptide [M0014397]

Forssman Antibody [M0465764]

Forteo [M0447534]

Fos B Protein [M0025543]

Fos-Related Antigen-2 [M0218884]
A basic-leucine zipper transcription factor that is closely related to C-FOS PROTEINS. It forms heterodimeric complexes with C-JUN PROTEINS to regulate GENE transcription.

Fosinil [M0482928]

Fosinopril [M0026315]
A phosphinic acid-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite fosinoprilat.

Fosinopril Sodium [M0026317]

Fosinopril, (1(S*(R*)),2 alpha,4 alpha)-(D-Pro)-Isomer [M0329308]

Fosinopril, (1(S*(S*)),2 alpha,4 beta)-Isomer [M0329307]

Fozitec [M0482927]

Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein [M0188653]
A RNA-binding protein that is found predominately in the CYTOPLASM. It helps regulate GENETIC TRANSLATION in NEURONS and is absent or under-expressed in FRAGILE X SYNDROME.

Framework Region, Immunoglobulin [M0011116]

Frekatuss [M0447204]

Frizzled Receptors [M0479508]
A family of seven-pass transmembrane cell-surface receptors. They contain an extracellular cysteine-rich domain and are receptors for WNT PROTEINS. Frizzled receptors often couple with HETEROTRIMERIC G PROTEINS and regulate multiple SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS.

Fructokinases [M0008854]
A class of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose in the presence of ATP. EC 2.7.1.-.

Fructose 1-Phosphate Aldolase [M0008860]

Fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase [M0105385]

Fructose-Bisphosphatase [M0010334]
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and water to D-fructose 6-phosphate and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.11.

Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase [M0008861]
An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the cleavage of fructose 1,6-biphosphate to form dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The enzyme also acts on (3S,4R)-ketose 1-phosphates. The yeast and bacterial enzymes are zinc proteins. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) E.C. 4.1.2.13.

Fructosemonophosphate Aldolase [M0008862]

Fructuronate Reductase [M0008865]
An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible oxidation of mannonate to fructuronate in the presence of NAD. Also reduces D-tagaturonate to D-altronate. EC 1.1.1.57.

Fucosyl Galactose alpha-N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase [M0008876]
An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of acetylgalactosamine from UDP N-acetylgalactosamine to various 2-fucosylgalactosides as acceptors. EC 2.4.1.40.

Fucosyl SSEA-1 [M0024832]

Fucosyltransferases [M0008877]
Enzymes catalyzing the transfer of fucose from a nucleoside diphosphate fucose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate, a glycoprotein, or a glycolipid molecule. Elevated activity of some fucosyltransferases in human serum may serve as an indicator of malignancy. The class includes EC 2.4.1.65; EC 2.4.1.68; EC 2.4.1.69; EC 2.4.1.89.

Fujinami Sarcoma Virus P140 gag-fps [M0024041]

Fumarate Hydratase [M0008879]
An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of fumaric acid to yield L-malic acid. It is one of the citric acid cycle enzymes. EC 4.2.1.2.

Fungal Peptides [M0008889]

Fungal Proteins [M0008890]
Proteins found in any species of fungus.

Furin [M0212390]
A proprotein convertase with specificity for the proproteins of PROALBUMIN; COMPLEMENT 3C; and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR. It has specificity for cleavage near paired ARGININE residues that are separated by two amino acids.

Fushi Tarazu Transcription Factors [M0454727]
Fushi tarazu transcription factors were originally identified in DROSOPHILA. They are found throughout ARTHROPODS and play important roles in segmentation and CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM development.

Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl [M0024527]
Translation products of a fusion mRNA derived from the breakpoint cluster region (bcr) gene and a cellular abl (c-abl) gene translocated to chromosome 22. The p210(bcr-abl) fusion protein is found in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. The p190(bcr-abl) fusion protein is found in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia. The activation of human c-abl by chromosomal translocation is essentially the same as the activation of murine c-abl by viral translocation in Abelson murine leukemia virus.

Fusion Proteins, gag-fos-fox [M0025546]

Fusion Proteins, gag-mos [M0026146]

Fusion Proteins, gag-onc [M0024043]
General name for the translation products of a fusion mRNA consisting of a gag gene and a viral oncogene (v-onc). These products are thought to have the ability to transform cells.

Fusion Proteins, gag-pol [M0024060]
Polyprotein products of a fused portion of retroviral mRNA containing the gag and pol genes. The polyprotein is synthesized only five percent of the time since pol is out of frame with gag, and is generated by ribosomal frameshifting.

Fusion Proteins, gag-ros [M0024049]

Fusion VP1 Protein [M0022725]

Fx1A Renal Tubular Antigen [M0112812]
A specific preparation of Heymann nephritis antigenic complex.

G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channel 1 [M0220391]

G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channel 2 [M0214257]

G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channel 3 [M0237545]

G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channel 4 [M0257192]

G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels [M0451133]
A family of inwardly-rectifying potassium channels that are activated by PERTUSSIS TOXIN sensitive G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS. GIRK potassium channels are primarily activated by the complex of GTP-BINDING PROTEIN BETA SUBUNITS and GTP-BINDING PROTEIN GAMMA SUBUNITS.

G(M1) Ganglioside Activating Factor [M0063211]

G(M2) Activator Protein [M0111676]
An essential cofactor for the degradation of G(M2)GANGLIOSIDE by lysosomal BETA-N-ACETYLHEXOSAMINIDASE. Genetic mutations resulting in loss of G(M2) activator protein are one of the causes of TAY-SACHS DISEASE, AB VARIANT.

G-Actin [M0000300]

G-Box Binding Factors [M0200114]
A family of transcription factors found primarily in PLANTS that bind to the G-box DNA sequence CACGTG or to a consensus sequence CANNTG.

G25K GTP-Binding Protein, Placental Isoform [M0331681]

GA-Binding Protein Transcription Factor [M0191974]
A heterotetrameric transcription factor composed of two distinct proteins. Its name refers to the fact it binds to DNA sequences rich in GUANINE and ADENINE. GA-binding protein integrates a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS and regulates expression of GENES involved in CELL CYCLE control, PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS, and cellular METABOLISM.

GA-Binding Protein, Alpha Subunit [M0479984]

GA-Binding Protein, Beta Subunit [M0479985]

GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins [M0475613]
A family of plasma membrane neurotransmitter transporter proteins that regulates that extracellular levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. They differ from GABA RECEPTORS, which signal cellular responses to GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. They control GABA reuptake into PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through high-affinity sodium-dependent transport.

GABA Transporter 1 [M0073957]

GABA Transporter 2 [M0472742]

GABA Transporter 3 [M0472743]

GABA Transporter 4 [M0476524]

gag Gene Related Protein [M0024054]

gag-myc Fused Protein p110 [M0024042]

Galactokinase [M0008934]
An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the formation of galactose 1-phosphate and ADP from ATP and D-galactose. Galactosamine can also act as the acceptor. A deficiency of this enzyme results in GALACTOSEMIA. EC 2.7.1.6.

Galactosaminidases [M0008937]

Galactose Dehydrogenases [M0008939]
D-Galactose:NAD(P)+ 1-oxidoreductases. Catalyzes the oxidation of D-galactose in the presence of NAD+ or NADP+ to D-galactono-gamma-lactone and NADH or NADPH. Includes EC 1.1.1.48 and EC 1.1.1.120.

Galactose Oxidase [M0008940]
An enzyme that oxidizes galactose in the presence of molecular oxygen to D-galacto-hexodialdose. It is a copper protein. EC 1.1.3.9.

Galactosidases [M0008944]
A family of galactoside hydrolases that hydrolyze compounds with an O-galactosyl linkage. EC 3.2.1.-.

Galactosylceramidase [M0008946]
An enzyme that hydrolyzes galactose from ceramide monohexosides. Deficiency of this enzyme may cause globoid cell leukodystrophy (LEUKODYSTROPHY, GLOBOID CELL). EC 3.2.1.46.

Galactosyltransferases [M0008948]
Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of galactose from a nucleoside diphosphate galactose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.

Galanin [M0028382]
A 29-amino acid peptide that is found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It inhibits glucose-induced insulin release, hippocampal acetylcholine release, hippocampal glutamate (but not GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID) release, and it lowers spinal excitability and firing of locus coeruleus neurons. It stimulates food (fat) intake and growth hormone release upon hypothalamic or i.c.v. injection. (Crit Rev Neurobiol 1993;7(3-4):229-74)

Galanin-Like Peptide [M0366125]
A neuropeptide that is highly homologous to GALANIN. It is produced by proteolytic processing of a larger protein that is unrelated to prepro-galanin and preferentially binds to GALANIN-2 RECEPTOR.

Galectin 1 [M0228480]
A galectin found abundantly in smooth muscle (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) and SKELETAL MUSCLE and many other tissues. It occurs as a homodimer with two 14-kDa subunits.

Galectin 2 [M0228485]
A galectin found preferentially expressed in the gastrointestinal tract. The protein occurs as a homodimer with two 14-kDa subunits.

Galectin 3 [M0157095]
A multifunctional galactin initially discovered as a macrophage antigen that binds to IMMUNOGLOBULIN E, and as 29-35-kDa lectin that binds LAMININ. It is involved in a variety of biological events including interactions with galactose-containing glycoconjugates, cell proliferation, CELL DIFFERENTIATION, and APOPTOSIS.

Galectin 4 [M0125657]
A galectin found in the small and large intestine and the stomach. It occurs as a homodimer with two 36-kDa subunits and is localized to sites of cell adhesion where it may play role in assembly of ADHERENS JUNCTIONS.

Galectins [M0067948]
A class of animal lectins that bind specifically to beta-galactoside in a calcium-independent manner. Members of this class are distiguished from other lectins by the presence of a conserved carbohydrate recognition domain. The majority of proteins in this class bind to sugar molecules in a sulfhydryl-dependent manner and are often referred to as S-type lectins, however this property is not required for membership in this class.

Gamimune [M0025517]

Gamimune N [M0025518]

gamma Catenin [M0112636]
A multi-functional catenin that is highly homologous to BETA CATENIN. Gamma catenin binds CADHERINS and helps link their cytoplasmic tails to ACTIN in the CYTOSKELETON via ALPHA CATENIN. It is also found in DESMOSOMES where it mediates the link between DESMOSOMAL CADHERINS and DESMOPLAKIN.

gamma, gamma-Enolase [M0016709]

gamma-1-Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain [M0011128]

gamma-2a-Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain [M0011129]

gamma-2b-Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain [M0011130]

gamma-Actin [M0000301]

gamma-Aminobutyric Acid [M0008927]
The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Calcium Salt (2:1) [M0330305]

gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Hydrochloride [M0330303]

gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Monolithium Salt [M0330302]

gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Monosodium Salt [M0330304]

gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Zinc Salt (2:1) [M0330306]

gamma-Atrial Natriuretic Peptide [M0447905]
The 126-amino acid C-terminal fragment of the ANP precursor, an approximately 150-amino acid polypeptide in a number of species. It is formed by the removal of the N-terminal signal sequence ANP (1-24). This prohormone contains various active ANF sequences.

gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase [M0072677]
An enzyme that catalyzes the HYDROXYLATION of gamma-butyrobetaine to L-CARNITINE. It is the last enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of L-CARNITINE and is dependent on alpha-ketoglutarate; IRON; ASCORBIC ACID; and OXYGEN.

gamma-Carboxyglutamate [M0023167]

gamma-Caseins [M0003592]

gamma-Crystallins [M0005396]
A subclass of crystallins that found in the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE) of VERTEBRATES. Gamma-crystallins are similar in structure to BETA-CRYSTALLINS in that they both form into a Greek key-like structure. They are composed of monomeric subunits.

gamma-Endorphin [M0028179]
An endogenous opioid peptide derived from BETA-LIPOTROPIN of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) system. It is the 17-amino acid sequence of the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN and differs from ALPHA-ENDORPHIN by one amino acid (beta-endorphin 1-16).

gamma-Fibrinogen [M0008431]

gamma-Globin [M0009287]

gamma-Globulins [M0008973]
Serum globulins that migrate to the gamma region (most positively charged) upon ELECTROPHORESIS. At one time, gamma-globulins came to be used as a synonym for immunoglobulins since most immunoglobulins are gamma globulins and conversely most gamma globulins are immunoglobulins. But since some immunoglobulins exhibit an alpha or beta electrophoretic mobility, that usage is in decline.

gamma-Glutamyl Hydrolase [M0018076]
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of pteroylpolyglutamic acids in gamma linkage to pterolylmonoglutamic acid and free glutamic acid. EC 3.4.19.9.

gamma-Glutamylcyclotransferase [M0008976]
An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of pyroglutamate from a gamma-glutamyl-amino acid, also releasing the free amino acid. The enzyme acts on derivatives of glutamate, 2-aminobutyrate, alanine and glycine. The enzyme has been proposed to have a role in a gamma-glutamyl cycle for amino acid transport into cells in the intestines. EC 2.3.2.4.

gamma-Glutamyltransferase [M0008977]
An enzyme, sometimes called GGT, with a key role in the synthesis and degradation of GLUTATHIONE; (GSH, a tripeptide that protects cells from many toxins). It catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-glutamyl moiety to an acceptor amino acid.

gamma-Lipotropin [M0012606]
A lipotropic peptide that is the N-terminal fragment of beta-lipotropin. It is a peptide of 56 amino acids in humans and 58 amino acids in pigs.

gamma-MSH [M0328126]
An 11-amino acid peptide derived from the N-terminal fragment of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). Gamma-MSH stimulates adrenal steroidogenesis and has an regulatory role in the cardiovascular and the renal systems.

gamma-Penicillinase [M0016150]

gamma-Sarcoglycan [M0230890]

gamma-Secretase [M0205215]

gamma-SNAP [M0202546]

gamma-Synuclein [M0159752]
A homolog of ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN that plays a role in neurofilament network integrity. It is overexpressed in a variety of human NEOPLASMS and may be involved in modulating AXON architecture during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT and in the adult. Gamma-Synuclein may also activate SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS associated with ETS-DOMAIN PROTEIN ELK-1.

gamma-Thrombin [M0021423]

gamma-Transducin [M0023548]

gamma-Tropomyosin [M0022043]

gamma-Tryptases [M0366194]

gamma-Tubulin [M0022141]

gamma1-MSH [M0014151]
The 11-residue peptide that is fully amidated.

gamma2-MSH [M0014152]
The 11-residue peptide that is without amidation.

gamma3-MSH [M0014153]
The 11-residue peptide plus the 12-residue sequence leading to the next dibasic cleavage site at the N-terminal of the joining peptide.

Gammagard [M0025519]

Gammalon [M0369377]

Gammonativ [M0025520]

Gamulin Rh [M0373305]

Ganglioside Galactosyltransferase [M0080291]
Catalyzes the final step in the galactocerebroside biosynthesis pathway.

Ganglioside Hydrolysis Activator Proteins [M0063225]

GAP-43 Protein [M0029597]
A nervous tissue specific protein which is highly expressed in NEURONS during development and NERVE REGENERATION. It has been implicated in neurite outgrowth, long-term potentiation, SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION, and NEUROTRANSMITTER release. (From Neurotoxicology 1994;15(1):41-7) It is also a substrate of PROTEIN KINASE C.

Gargon [M0373341]

Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide [M0009005]
A gastrointestinal peptide hormone of about 43-amino acids.

Gastric Mucin [M0009008]

Gastrin [M0009014]

Gastrin-Releasing Peptide [M0029527]
Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.

Gastrins [M0009013]
A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.

GATA Transcription Factors [M0478900]
A family of transcription factors that contain two ZINC FINGER MOTIFS and bind to the DNA sequence (A/T)GATA(A/G).

GATA1 Transcription Factor [M0166784]
A GATA transcription factor that is specifically expressed in hematopoietic lineages and plays an important role in the CELL DIFFERENTIATION of ERYTHROID CELLS and MEGAKARYOCYTES.

GATA2 Transcription Factor [M0192017]
An essential GATA transcription factor that is expressed primarily in HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS.

GATA3 Transcription Factor [M0187089]
A GATA transcription factor that is found predominately in LYMPHOID CELL precursors and has been implicated in the CELL DIFFERENTIATION of HELPER T-CELLS. Haploinsufficiency of GATA3 is associated with HYPOPARATHYROIDISM; SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; and renal anomalies syndrome.

GATA4 Transcription Factor [M0214637]
A GATA transcription factor that is expressed in the MYOCARDIUM of developing heart and has been implicated in the differentiation of CARDIAC MYOCYTES. GATA4 is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION and regulates transcription of cardiac-specific genes.

GATA5 Transcription Factor [M0236194]
A GATA transcription factor that is expressed predominately in SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS and is involved in the CELL DIFFERENTIATION of CARDIAC MYOCYTES. In the developing heart, GATA5 becomes restricted to the ENDOCARDIUM and regulates transcription of genes such as cardiac TROPONIN C.

GATA6 Transcription Factor [M0236198]
A GATA transcription factor that is expressed predominately in SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS and regulates vascular smooth muscle CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

GdoI Endonuclease [M0023448]

GDP Kinase [M0015061]

Gelafusal [M0009053]

Gelatin [M0009052]
A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone COLLAGEN. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories.

Gelatinases [M0027289]
A class of enzymes that catalyzes the degradation of gelatin by acting on the peptide bonds. EC 3.4.24.-.

Gelofusine [M0475082]

Gelsolin [M0027489]
A 90-kDa protein produced by macrophages that severs ACTIN filaments and forms a cap on the newly exposed filament end. Gelsolin is activated by CALCIUM ions and participates in the assembly and disassembly of actin, thereby increasing the motility of some CELLS.

Gen-Baclofen [M0454550]

Gene Product, A [M0024981]

Gene Product, Q [M0024982]

Gene Products, env [M0024061]
Retroviral proteins, often glycosylated, coded by the envelope (env) gene. They are usually synthesized as protein precursors (POLYPROTEINS) and later cleaved into the final viral envelope glycoproteins by a viral protease.

Gene Products, gag [M0024055]
Proteins coded by the retroviral gag gene. The products are usually synthesized as protein precursors or POLYPROTEINS, which are then cleaved by viral proteases to yield the final products. Many of the final products are associated with the nucleoprotein core of the virion. gag is short for group-specific antigen.

Gene Products, nef [M0024067]
Products of the HIV nef gene (formerly 3'-orf gene). The products trans-suppress viral replication and function as negative regulators of transcription. nef stands for negative factor.

Gene Products, pol [M0024059]
Retroviral proteins coded by the pol gene. They are usually synthesized as a protein precursor (POLYPROTEINS) and later cleaved into final products that include reverse transcriptase, endonuclease/integrase, and viral protease. Sometimes they are synthesized as a gag-pol fusion protein (FUSION PROTEINS, GAG-POL). pol is short for polymerase, the enzyme class of reverse transcriptase.

Gene Products, Protein [M0333263]

Gene Products, rev [M0024072]
Trans-acting nuclear proteins whose functional expression are required for HIV viral replication. Specifically, the rev gene products are required for processing and translation of the HIV gag and env mRNAs, and thus rev regulates the expression of the viral structural proteins. rev can also regulate viral regulatory proteins. A cis-acting antirepression sequence (CAR) in env, also known as the rev-responsive element (RRE), is responsive to the rev gene product. rev is short for regulator of virion.

Gene Products, rex [M0025040]
Post-transcriptional regulatory proteins required for the accumulation of mRNAs that encode the gag and env gene products in HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1 and HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2. The rex (regulator x; x is undefined) products act by binding to elements in the LTR.

Gene Products, tat [M0024076]
Trans-acting transcription factors. Nuclear proteins whose expression is required for HIV viral replication. The tat protein stimulates HIV-LTR-driven RNA synthesis for both viral regulatory and viral structural proteins. tat stands for trans-activation of transcription.

Gene Products, tax [M0025005]
Transcriptional trans-acting proteins of the promoter elements found in the long terminal repeats (LTR) of HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1 and HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2. The tax (trans-activator x; x is undefined) proteins act by binding to enhancer elements in the LTR.

Gene Products, vif [M0024983]
A 23-kDa regulatory protein important for virion infectivity in HIV. The protein is found in the cytoplasm of HIV-infected cells and is not absolutely required for virion formation.

Gene Products, vpr [M0024969]
Trans-acting proteins which accelerate virus replication in HIV. The vpr proteins act in trans to increase the levels of HIV specified proteins. vpr is short for viral protein R, where R is undefined.

Gene Products, vpu [M0024973]
Non-glycosylated, membrane-associated, 16 kDa proteins which are expressed in large amounts in cells infected with HIV-1. The proteins are required for efficient virion maturation and release. They are not present in HIV-2 nor in SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS. vpu is short for viral protein U, with U undefined.

General Transcription Initiation Complex Proteins [M0407610]

Genotropin [M0028844]

Geranylgeranyl-Diphosphate Geranylgeranyltransferase [M0189396]
An enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of two molecules of GERANYLGERANYL DIPHOSPHATE to give prephytoene diphosphate. The prephytoene diphosphate molecule is a precursor for CAROTENOIDS and other tetraterpenes.

Geranyltranstransferase [M0074380]
An enzyme involved in the MEVALONATE pathway, it catalyses the synthesis of FARNESYL DIPHOSPHATE from ISOPENTENYL DIPHOSPHATE and dimethylallyl diphosphate.

Geref [M0372558]

GFRA1 Receptor [M0479207]

GFRA2 Receptor [M0479208]

GFRA3 Receptor [M0479209]

GFRA4 Receptor [M0479210]

GinI Endonuclease [M0023449]

Glia Maturation Factor [M0328190]
A factor identified in the brain that influences the growth and differentiation of NEURONS and NEUROGLIA. Glia maturation factor beta is the 17-kDa polypeptide product of the GMFB gene and is the principal component of GLIA MATURATION FACTOR.

Glia Maturation Factor beta [M0328663]

Gliadin [M0009263]
Simple protein, one of the prolamines, derived from the gluten of wheat, rye, etc. May be separated into 4 discrete electrophoretic fractions. It is the toxic factor associated with celiac disease.

Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor [M0233028]
The founding member of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family. It was originally characterized as a NERVE GROWTH FACTOR promoting the survival of MIDBRAIN dopaminergic NEURONS, and it has been studied as a potential treatment for PARKINSON DISEASE.

Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptors [M0166928]
A family of GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-anchored cell surface receptors that are specific for GLIAL CELL LINE-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS. They form a multi-component receptor complex with PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN C-RET and regulate a variety of intracellular SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS in conjunction with c-ret protein.

Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factors [M0479211]
A family of closely related nerve growth factors that promote NEURON survival. They bind to GDNF RECEPTORS and stimulate SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION through PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN C-RET.

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein [M0009264]
An intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. MW 51,000.

Glial Growth Factor [M0063177]

Glicentin [M0160184]
A 69-amino acid peptide derived from the N-terminal of PROGLUCAGON. It is mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. Further processing of glicentin yield a 30-amino acid N-terminal peptide (glicentin-related polypeptide) and a 37-amino acid peptide OXYNTOMODULIN. Both glicentin and oxyntomodulin can reduce digestive secretions and delay gastric emptying.

Glioma-Derived Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth Factor [M0175398]

Globins [M0009288]
The protein constituents of hemoglobin. The term is used for proteins attached to iron-porphyrin molecules such as hemoglobin and MYOGLOBIN proteins.

Globulin-N [M0025521]

Globulins [M0009293]

GLQ-223 [M0373906]

Glu-Plasminogen [M0016990]

Glucagon [M0009314]
A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511)

Glucagon Precursors [M0484570]

Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 [M0160181]
A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.

Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 [M0358087]
A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis.

Glucagon-Like Peptides [M0007481]
Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.

Glucan 1,3-beta-Glucosidase [M0071240]
An exocellulase with specificity for 1,3-beta-D-glucasidic linkages. It catalyzes hydrolysis of beta-D-glucose units from the non-reducing ends of 1,3-beta-D-glucans, releasing GLUCOSE.

Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase [M0008019]
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal 1,4-linked alpha-D-glucose residues successively from non-reducing ends of polysaccharide chains with the release of beta-glucose. It is also able to hydrolyze 1,6-alpha-glucosidic bonds when the next bond in sequence is 1,4.

Glucan 1,4-beta-Glucosidase [M0092059]
An exocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages of 1,4-beta-D-glucans resulting in successive removal of GLUCOSE units.

Glucan Endo-1,3-beta-D-Glucosidase [M0007387]
An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,3-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in 1,3-beta-D-glucans including laminarin, paramylon, and pachyman.

Glucanase 447-G [M0006107]

Glucoamylase G1 [M0008020]

Glucoamylase G2 [M0008021]

Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein [M0493171]
A member of the TNF receptor family that was initially identified as a DEXAMETHASONE-induced protein from a T-CELL line. It may play a role in regulating APOPTOSIS and modulating immune response by T-lymphocytes. Signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.

Glucokinase [M0009328]
A group of enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and D-glucose to ADP and D-glucose 6-phosphate. They are found in invertebrates and microorganisms, and are highly specific for glucose. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.2.

Glucosamine 6-Phosphate N-Acetyltransferase [M0074423]
An enzyme that catalyses the reaction of D-glucosamine 6-phosphate with ACETYL-COA to form N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate.

Glucosaminidases [M0009338]

Glucose 1-Dehydrogenase [M0118232]
A glucose dehydrogenase that catalyzes the oxidation of beta-D-glucose to form D-glucono-1,5-lactone, using NAD as well as NADP as a coenzyme.

Glucose Dehydrogenases [M0009343]
D-Glucose:1-oxidoreductases. Catalyzes the oxidation of D-glucose to D-glucono-gamma-lactone and reduced acceptor. Any acceptor except molecular oxygen is permitted. Includes EC 1.1.1.47; EC 1.1.1.118; EC 1.1.1.119 and EC 1.1.99.10.

Glucose Oxidase [M0009344]
An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of beta-D-glucose and oxygen to D-glucono-1,5-lactone and peroxide. It is a flavoprotein, highly specific for beta-D-glucose. The enzyme is produced by Penicillium notatum and other fungi and has antibacterial activity in the presence of glucose and oxygen. It is used to estimate glucose concentration in blood or urine samples through the formation of colored dyes by the hydrogen peroxide produced in the reaction. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.1.3.4.

Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative [M0014037]
A family of monosaccharide transport proteins characterized by 12 membrane spanning helices. They facilitate passive diffusion of GLUCOSE across the CELL MEMBRANE.

Glucose Transport-Inducing Protein [M0014038]

Glucose Transporter Type 1 [M0201643]
A ubiquitously expressed glucose transporter that is important for constitutive, basal GLUCOSE transport. It is predominately expressed in ENDOTHELIAL CELLS and ERYTHROCYTES at the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and is responsible for GLUCOSE entry into the BRAIN.

Glucose Transporter Type 2 [M0208875]
A glucose transport facilitator that is expressed primarily in PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; LIVER; and KIDNEYS. It may function as a GLUCOSE sensor to regulate INSULIN release and glucose HOMEOSTASIS.

Glucose Transporter Type 3 [M0191856]
A major glucose transporter found in NEURONS.

Glucose Transporter Type 4 [M0199158]
A glucose transport protein found in mature MUSCLE CELLS and ADIPOCYTES. It promotes transport of glucose from the BLOOD into target TISSUES. The inactive form of the protein is localized in CYTOPLASMIC VESICLES. In response to INSULIN, it is translocated to the PLASMA MEMBRANE where it facilitates glucose uptake.

Glucose Transporter Type 5 [M0206865]
A hexose transporter that mediates FRUCTOSE transport in SKELETAL MUSCLE and ADIPOCYTES and is responsible for luminal uptake of dietary fructose in the SMALL INTESTINE.

Glucose-1-Phosphate Adenylyltransferase [M0074442]
An ATP-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the addition of ADP to alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate to form ADP-glucose and diphosphate. The reaction is the rate-limiting reaction in prokaryotic GLYCOGEN and plant STARCH biosynthesis.

Glucose-6-Phosphatase [M0009349]
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-glucose 6-phosphate and water to D-glucose and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.9.

Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase [M0009354]
An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate, and is a part of the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, results in liver glycogenesis and hemolytic anemia. EC 5.3.1.9.

Glucosephosphatase [M0009350]

Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase [M0009352]

Glucosidases [M0009357]
Enzymes that hydrolyze O-glucosyl-compounds. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.2.1.-.

Glucosylceramidase [M0009360]
A glycosidase that hydrolyzes a glucosylceramide to yield free ceramide plus glucose. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to abnormally high concentrations of glucosylceramide in the brain in GAUCHER DISEASE. EC 3.2.1.45.

Glucosyltransferases [M0009362]
Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glucose from a nucleoside diphosphate glucose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.

Glucuronidase [M0009366]

Glucuronosyltransferase [M0022213]
A family of enzymes accepting a wide range of substrates, including phenols, alcohols, amines, and fatty acids. They function as drug-metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of UDPglucuronic acid to a variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds. EC 2.4.1.17.

Glue Protein, Drosophila [M0009372]

Glue Proteins, Drosophila [M0009367]
Glycosylated proteins which are part of the salivary glue that Drosophila larvae secrete as a means of fixing themselves to an external substrate for the duration of the pre-pupal and pupal period. The proteins which consist of at least eight polypeptides that are expressed during the third larval instar.

Glutamate [M0028012]

Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II [M0155584]
A metallocarboxypeptidase that is predominantly expressed as a membrane-bound enzyme. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of an unsubstituted, C-terminal glutamyl residue, typically from PTEROYLPOLYGLUTAMIC ACIDS. It was formerly classified as EC 3.4.19.8.

Glutamate Decarboxylase [M0009373]
A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the alpha-decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in bacteria and in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in determining GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in normal nervous tissues. The brain enzyme also acts on L-cysteate, L-cysteine sulfinate, and L-aspartate. EC 4.1.1.15.

Glutamate Dehydrogenase [M0009374]
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-glutamate and water to 2-oxoglutarate and NH3 in the presence of NAD+. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.4.1.2.

Glutamate Dehydrogenase (NADP+) [M0027280]
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-glutamate, H2O, and NADP+ to 2-oxoglutarate, NH3, and NADPH. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.4.1.4.

Glutamate Formimidoyltransferase [M0074550]
A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE-containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a formyl group from L-GLUTAMATE to N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate and TETRAHYDROFOLATE. This enzyme may also catalyze formyl transfer from 5-formyltetrahydrofolate to L-GLUTAMATE. This enzyme was formerly categorized as EC 2.1.2.6.

Glutamate Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins [M0475618]
A family of plasma membrane neurotransmitter transporter proteins that couple the uptake of GLUTAMATE with the import of SODIUM ions and PROTONS and the export of POTASSIUM ions. In the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM they regulate neurotransmission through synaptic reuptake of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Outside the central nervous system they function as signal mediators and regulators of glutamate metabolism.

Glutamate Synthase [M0009375]
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of 2 molecules of glutamate from glutamine plus alpha-ketoglutarate in the presence of NADPH. EC 1.4.1.13.

Glutamate Synthase (NADH) [M0296881]
A FLAVOPROTEIN enzyme for AMMONIA assimilation in BACTERIA, microorganisms and PLANTS. It catalyzes the oxidation of 2 molecules of L-GLUTAMATE to generate L-GLUTAMINE and 2-oxoglutarate in the presence of NAD+.

Glutamate Transporter [M0074576]

Glutamate-5-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase [M0074563]
An NADP+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde to L-glutamyl 5-phosphate. It plays a role in the urea cycle and metabolism of amino groups.

Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase [M0009384]
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP, L-glutamate, and NH3 to ADP, orthophosphate, and L-glutamine. It also acts more slowly on 4-methylene-L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 6.3.1.2.

Glutamate-Aspartate Transporter [M0074577]

Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase [M0008975]
One of the enzymes active in the gamma-glutamyl cycle. It catalyzes the synthesis of gamma-glutamylcysteine from glutamate and cysteine in the presence of ATP with the formation of ADP and orthophosphate. EC 6.3.2.2.

Glutamate-tRNA Ligase [M0009385]
An enzyme that activates glutamic acid with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.17.

Glutamates [M0009376]
Salts and esters of glutamic acid.

Glutamic Acid [M0028010]
A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Glutamic Acid, (D)-Isomer [M0331178]

Glutaminase [M0009380]

Glutamine [M0009383]
A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

Glutamine-Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase (Isomerizing) [M0009334]
An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of fructose-6-phosphate plus glutamine from glutamate plus glucosamine-6-phosphate. EC 2.6.1.16.

Glutaminic Acids [M0009378]

Glutamyl Aminopeptidase [M0072559]
A ZINC-dependent membrane-bound aminopeptidase that catalyzes the N-terminal peptide cleavage of GLUTAMATE (and to a lesser extent ASPARTATE). The enzyme appears to play a role in the catabolic pathway of the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.

Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase [M0074614]
A flavoprotein enzyme that is responsible for the catabolism of LYSINE; HYDROXYLYSINE; and TRYPTOPHAN. It catalyzes the oxidation of GLUTARYL-CoA to crotonoyl-CoA using FAD as a cofactor. Glutaric aciduria type I is an inborn error of metabolism due to the deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase.

Glutathione [M0009388]
A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides.

Glutathione Disulfide [M0029384]
A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.

Glutathione Disulfide, Ion(1-) [M0329123]

Glutathione Lipoperoxidase [M0009392]

Glutathione Peroxidase [M0009390]
An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9.

Glutathione Reductase [M0009393]
Catalyzes the oxidation of GLUTATHIONE to GLUTATHIONE DISULFIDE in the presence of NADP+. Deficiency in the enzyme is associated with HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA. Formerly listed as EC 1.6.4.2.

Glutathione S-Transferase 3 [M0009395]

Glutathione S-Transferase A [M0009396]

Glutathione S-Transferase B [M0009397]

Glutathione S-Transferase C [M0009398]

Glutathione S-Transferase P [M0009399]

Glutathione S-Transferase pi [M0274123]
A glutathione transferase that catalyzes the conjugation of electrophilic substrates to GLUTATHIONE. This enzyme has been shown to provide cellular protection against redox-mediated damage by FREE RADICALS.

Glutathione Synthase [M0009394]
One of the enzymes active in the gamma-glutamyl cycle. It catalyzes the synthesis of glutathione from gamma-glutamylcysteine and glycine in the presence of ATP with the formation of ADP and orthophosphate. EC 6.3.2.3.

Glutathione Transferase [M0009402]
A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic FREE RADICALS as well as EPOXIDES and arene oxides to GLUTATHIONE. Addition takes place at the SULFUR. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite.

Glutathione Transferase E [M0009400]

Glutathione Transferase mu [M0009401]

Glutathione Transferase P1-1 [M0484026]

Glutelins [M0009404]

Gluten [M0009405]
A protein substance of wheat which is intermixed with the starchy endosperm of the grain. It causes the carbon dioxide produced during dough fermentation to be retained by the dough in a manner which provides the porous and spongy structure of bread. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (NADP+) [M0009411]
An NADP-dependent, non-phosphorylating aldehyde dehydrogenase that catalyzes the irreversible oxidation of GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE to 3-phosphoglycerate. It is found in the cytosol of a wide variety of organisms.

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (NADP+)(Phosphorylating) [M0009410]
A phosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase found in the CHLOROPLASTS of higher plants. This enzyme exists as an A2B2 heterotetramer and transfers hydrogen to NADP. It plays an important role in catalyzing the reductive step of the Calvin cycle.

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (Phosphorylating) [M0009412]
An NAD-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase found in the cytosol of eucaryotes. It catalyses the dehydrogenation and phosphorylation of GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE to 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate, which is an important step in the GLYCOLYSIS pathway.

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases [M0009409]
Enzymes that catalyze the dehydrogenation of GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE. Several types of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase exist including phosphorylating and non-phosphorylating varieties and ones that transfer hydrogen to NADP and ones that transfer hydrogen to NAD.

Glycerol Kinase [M0009418]
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of glycerol 3-phosphate from ATP and glycerol. Dihydroxyacetone and L-glyceraldehyde can also act as acceptors; UTP and, in the case of the yeast enzyme, ITP and GTP can act as donors. It provides a way for glycerol derived from fats or glycerides to enter the glycolytic pathway. EC 2.7.1.30.

Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (NAD+) [M0107787]
An NAD-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to glycerone phosphate.

Glycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase [M0009419]
An enzyme that transfers acyl groups from acyl-CoA to glycerol-3-phosphate to form monoglyceride phosphates. It acts only with CoA derivatives of fatty acids of chain length above C-10. Also forms diglyceride phosphates. EC 2.3.1.15.

Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase [M0009420]

Glycerophosphoinositol Inositolphosphodiesterase [M0459696]
A phosphoric diester hydrolase with specificity for the cleavage of GLYCEROL from 1-(sn-glycero-3-phospho)-1