MeSH Semantic Type: Hormone [T125]

11-Hydroxycorticosteroids [M0023175]
A group of corticosteroids bearing a hydroxy group at the 11-position.

16-Epiestriol [M0007789]
The 16 beta-isomer of ESTRIOL.

17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone [M0028774]
A metabolite of PROGESTERONE with a hydroxyl group at the 17-alpha position. It serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of HYDROCORTISONE and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES.

17-Epiestriol [M0330345]

17-Hydroxycorticosteroids [M0023177]
A group of hydroxycorticosteroids bearing a hydroxy group at the 17-position. Urinary excretion of these compounds is used as an index of adrenal function. They are used systemically in the free alcohol form, but with esterification of the hydroxy groups, topical effectiveness is increased.

17-Hydroxyprogesterone, (9 beta, 10 alpha)-Isomer [M0329190]

17-Ketosteroids [M0023181]
Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.

20-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone [M0006411]
A biologically active 20-alpha-reduced metabolite of PROGESTERONE. It is converted from progesterone to 20-alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one by the 20-ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE in the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA.

20-epi-1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecaliferol [M0003150]

5 alpha-Androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol [M0023248]

5 alpha-Androstane-3 beta,17 alpha-diol [M0023246]

5 alpha-Androstane-3 beta,17 beta-diol [M0023249]

5 beta-Androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol [M0023247]

5-Androsten-3-ol-17-one [M0005766]

A-43818 [M0369307]

ACTH (1-13)NH2 [M0493894]

Activins [M0150466]
Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.

Adepal [M0351262]

Adgyn Medro [M0473882]

Adiponectin [M0260436]
A 30-kDa COMPLEMENT C1Q-related protein, the most abundant gene product secreted by FAT CELLS of the white ADIPOSE TISSUE. Adiponectin modulates several physiological processes, such as metabolism of GLUCOSE and FATTY ACIDS, and immune responses. Decreased plasma adiponectin levels are associated with INSULIN RESISTANCE; TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; and ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones [M0000480]

Adrenaline Hydrochloride [M0007582]

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone [M0000499]
An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).

Adreson [M0351521]

Aldosterone [M0000686]
A hormone secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX that regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium.

Aldosterone, (+-)-Isomer [M0330742]

Aldosterone, (11 beta,17 alpha)-Isomer [M0330743]

alpha-CGRP [M0024124]

alpha-MSH [M0000797]
A 13-amino acid peptide derived from proteolytic cleavage of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE, the N-terminal segment of ACTH. ACTH (1-13) is amidated at the C-terminal to form ACTH (1-13)NH2 which in turn is acetylated to form alpha-MSH in the secretory granules. Alpha-MSH stimulates the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates.

Anadrol [M0350981]

Anapolon 50 [M0350982]

Anavar [M0350975]

Androderm [M0476208]

AndroGel [M0476209]

Androgens [M0001106]
Compounds that interact with ANDROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of TESTOSTERONE. Depending on the target tissues, androgenic effects can be on SEX DIFFERENTIATION; male reproductive organs, SPERMATOGENESIS; secondary male SEX CHARACTERISTICS; LIBIDO; development of muscle mass, strength, and power.

Androgens, Synthetic [M0001107]

Andropatch [M0476210]

Androstane-3,17-diol [M0023245]
The unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE with androgenic activity. It has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion.

Androstenedione [M0001113]
A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.

Androsterone [M0001116]
A metabolite of TESTOSTERONE or ANDROSTENEDIONE with a 3-alpha-hydroxyl group and without the double bond. The 3-beta hydroxyl isomer is epiandrosterone.

Androtop [M0476211]

Angiotensin Amide [M0001200]
The octapeptide amide of bovine angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure by vasoconstriction.

Anteovin [M0351263]

Anthrogon [M0329002]

Apo-Megestrol [M0473931]

Arginine Vasopressin [M0001691]
The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked CYSTEINES at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.

Argipressin Tannate [M0001692]

AY-25650 [M0337461]

beta-CGRP [M0024125]

beta-Lipotropin [M0012607]
A 90-amino acid peptide derived from post-translational processing of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) in the PITUITARY and the HYPOTHALAMUS. It is the C-terminal fragment of POMC with lipid-mobilizing activities, such as LIPOLYSIS and steroidogenesis. Depending on the species and the tissue sites, beta-LPH may be further processed to yield active peptides including GAMMA-LIPOTROPIN; BETA-MSH; and ENDORPHINS.

beta-MSH [M0328127]
An 18-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of gamma-lipotropin which is the N-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. Beta-MSH is shown to regulate skin pigmentation, steroid production, and feeding.

Biogenic Amines [M0002518]
A group of naturally occurring amines derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of the natural amino acids. Many have powerful physiological effects (e.g., histamine, serotonin, epinephrine, tyramine). Those derived from aromatic amino acids, and also their synthetic analogs (e.g., amphetamine), are of use in pharmacology.

Bocatriol [M0466737]

Bombesin [M0002763]
A tetradecapeptide originally obtained from the skins of toads Bombina bombina and B. variegata. It is also an endogenous neurotransmitter in many animals including mammals. Bombesin affects vascular and other smooth muscle, gastric secretion, and renal circulation and function.

Bombesin Dihydrochloride [M0330862]

Borea [M0473932]

Bradykinin [M0002864]
A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from KALLIDIN in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from MAST CELLS during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter.

Bravelle [M0475589]

Calcijex [M0466738]

Calcitonin [M0003145]
A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults.

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide [M0024126]
Calcitonin gene-related peptide. A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in neural tissue of the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator.

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide I [M0024127]

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide II [M0024128]

Calcitriol [M0003148]
The physiologically active form of vitamin D. It is formed primarily in the kidney by enzymatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (CALCIFEDIOL). Its production is stimulated by low blood calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and in concert with parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption.

Calcitriol KyraMed [M0467159]

Calcitriol-Nefro [M0467158]

Carentil [M0485330]

CCK-33 [M0004236]

Cerazette [M0485028]

Cholecystokinin [M0004235]
A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.

Chorionic Gonadotropin [M0009545]
A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN).

Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human [M0028371]
The beta subunit of human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Its structure is similar to the beta subunit of LUTEINIZING HORMONE, except for the additional 30 amino acids at the carboxy end with the associated carbohydrate residues. HCG-beta is used as a diagnostic marker for early detection of pregnancy, spontaneous abortion (ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS); ECTOPIC PREGNANCY; HYDATIDIFORM MOLE; CHORIOCARCINOMA; or DOWN SYNDROME.

Chorionic Gonadotropin, Human [M0411989]

CL-118532 [M0337462]

Colpro [M0473877]

Colprone [M0473876]

Conceplan [M0014972]

Congest [M0485329]

Conjugated Equine Estrogens [M0405163]

Corpus Luteum Hormones [M0005208]

Corticosterone [M0005217]
An adrenocortical steroid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid. (From Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1437)

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone [M0005218]
A peptide of about 41 amino acids that stimulates the release of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. CRH is synthesized by neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, CRH stimulates the release of ACTH from the PITUITARY GLAND. CRH can also be synthesized in other tissues, such as PLACENTA; ADRENAL MEDULLA; and TESTIS.

Cortifair [M0010709]

Cortisone [M0005219]
A naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver to the active metabolite HYDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p726)

Cortodoxone [M0005222]
17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.

Cortosyn [M0372335]

Cortril [M0010710]

Cortrosyn [M0372334]

Cosyntropin [M0005246]
A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.

Cryo-Tropin [M0475573]

Cystorelin [M0012448]

Dagynil [M0485328]

Decapeptyl [M0026319]

Decortin [M0392689]

Decostriol [M0467157]

Dehydroepiandrosterone [M0005765]
A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.

Desogestrel [M0026028]
A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents.

Desoxycorticosterone [M0006087]
21-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. Mineralocorticoid. Desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) is used as replacement therapy in Addison's Disease.

Dextrothyroxine [M0006144]
The dextrorotary isomer of the synthetic THYROXINE.

Diapid [M0373045]

Dihydrotestosterone [M0020414]
A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is generated by a 5-alpha reduction of testosterone. Unlike testosterone, DHT cannot be aromatized to ESTRADIOL therefore DHT is considered a pure androgenic steroid.

Diiodothyronines [M0006425]
These metabolites of THYROXINE are formed by the deiodination of T3 or reverse T3.

Dimethisterone [M0006451]
A synthetic progestational hormone without significant estrogenic or androgenic properties. It was formerly used as the progestational component in oral sequential contraceptives.

Dimethisterone Monohydrate [M0330455]

Dinoprost [M0023416]
A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.

Dinoprostone [M0023405]
The most common and most biologically active of the mammalian prostaglandins. It exhibits most biological activities characteristic of prostaglandins and has been used extensively as an oxytocic agent. The compound also displays a protective effect on the intestinal mucosa.

Dirigestran [M0012449]

DOCA [M0006086]

Ecdysone [M0006957]
A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects.

Ecdysteroids [M0059254]
Steroids that bring about MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysteroids include the endogenous insect hormones (ECDYSONE and ECDYSTERONE) and the insect-molting hormones found in plants, the phytoecdysteroids. Phytoecdysteroids are natural insecticides.

Ecdysterone [M0006958]
A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.

Eel Calcitonin [M0003146]

Enantone [M0025475]

Enteric Hormones [M0009035]

Enzaprost F [M0023417]

Epiandrosterone [M0001117]

Epidermal Growth Factor [M0007549]
A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells.

Epifrin [M0007590]

Epinephrine [M0007583]
The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics.

Epitestosterone [M0007602]
The 17-alpha isomer of TESTOSTERONE, derived from PREGNENOLONE via the delta5-steroid pathway, and via 5-androstene-3-beta,17-alpha-diol. Epitestosterone acts as an antiandrogen in various target tissues. The ratio between testosterone/epitestosterone is used to monitor anabolic drug abuse.

Epoetin Alfa [M0028770]
This recombinant erythropoetin, a 165-amino acid glycoprotein (about 62% protein and 38% carbohydrate), regulates red blood cell production. Epoetin alfa is produced by Chinese hamster ovary cells into which the human erythropoetin gene has been inserted. (USP Dictionary of USAN and International Drug Names, 1996).

Epogen [M0373310]

Equilenin [M0007616]
An estrogenic steroid produced by HORSES. It has a total of five double bonds in the A- and B-ring. High concentration of equilenin is found in the URINE of pregnant mares.

Equilin [M0007618]
An estrogenic steroid produced by HORSES. It has a total of four double bonds in the A- and B-ring. High concentration of euilin is found in the URINE of pregnant mares.

Erythropoietin [M0007726]
Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the kidney in the adult and the liver in the fetus, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.

Estetrol [M0007767]
A metabolite of ESTRIOL with a 15-alpha-hydroxyl group. Estetrol can be converted from estriol sulfate or DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE by the fetal-placental unit.

Estrace [M0007775]

Estraderm TTS [M0007774]

Estradiol [M0007772]
Generally refers to the 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids. In humans, it is produced primarily by the cyclic ovaries and the PLACENTA. It is also produced by the adipose tissue of men and postmenopausal women. The 17-alpha-isomer of estradiol binds weakly to estrogen receptors (RECEPTORS, ESTROGEN) and exhibits little estrogenic activity in estrogen-responsive tissues. Various isomers can be synthesized.

Estradiol Hemihydrate [M0330337]

Estradiol Hemihydrate, (17 alpha)-Isomer [M0330342]

Estradiol Monohydrate [M0330343]

Estradiol, (+-)-Isomer [M0330446]

Estradiol, (-)-Isomer [M0330338]

Estradiol, (16 alpha,17 alpha)-Isomer [M0330384]

Estradiol, (16 alpha,17 beta)-Isomer [M0330447]

Estradiol, (8 alpha,17 beta)-(+-)-Isomer [M0330336]

Estradiol, (8 alpha,17 beta)-Isomer [M0330339]

Estradiol, (9 beta,17 alpha)-Isomer [M0330344]

Estradiol, (9 beta,17 beta)-Isomer [M0330341]

Estradiol, Monosodium Salt [M0330445]

Estradiol, Sodium Salt [M0330444]

Estradiol-17 alpha [M0007773]

Estriol [M0007788]
A hydroxylated metabolite of ESTRADIOL or ESTRONE that has a hydroxyl group at C3-beta, 16-alpha, and 17-beta position. Estriol is a major urinary estrogen. During PREGNANCY, large amount of estriol is produced by the PLACENTA. Isomers with inversion of the hydroxyl group or groups are called epiestriol.

Estrofan [M0023418]

Estrogenic Steroids, Alkylated [M0441916]
Estrogenic STEROIDS with aliphatic hydrocarbon chain substitution on C17 or other position. 17-alpha-ALKYLATION renders the molecule more stable, resistant to metabolic degradation, and improves oral efficacy. Examples of synthetic alkyl estrogens include ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and MESTRANOL. Substitutions at other sites generates antiestrogenic and cytotoxic properties.

Estrogens [M0007795]
Compounds that interact with ESTROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of ESTRADIOL. Estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female SEX CHARACTERISTICS. Estrogenic chemicals include natural, synthetic, steroidal, or non-steroidal compounds.

Estrogens, Catechol [M0003645]
2- or 4-Hydroxyestrogens. Substances that are physiologically active in mammals, especially in the control of gonadotropin secretion. Physiological activity can be ascribed to either an estrogenic action or interaction with the catecholaminergic system.

Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) [M0007792]
A pharmaceutical preparation containing a mixture of water-soluble, conjugated estrogens derived wholly or in part from URINE of pregnant mares or synthetically from ESTRONE and EQUILIN. It contains a sodium-salt mixture of estrone sulfate (52-62%) and equilin sulfate (22-30%) with a total of the two between 80-88%. Other concomitant conjugates include 17-alpha-dihydroequilin, 17-alpha-estradiol, and 17-beta-dihydroequilin. The potency of the preparation is expressed in terms of an equivalent quantity of sodium estrone sulfate.

Estrogens, Esterified (USP) [M0441790]
A pharmaceutical preparation containing a mixture of esterified estrogens derived from estrogen sulfates, principally from ESTRONE sulfate. Esterified estrogen content should be 75-85% of the estrone sulfate and 6-15% of the EQUILIN sulfate.

Estrone [M0007798]
An aromatized C18 steroid with a 3-hydroxyl group and a 17-ketone, a major mammalian estrogen. It is converted from ANDROSTENEDIONE directly, or from TESTOSTERONE via ESTRADIOL. In humans, it is produced primarily by the cyclic ovaries, PLACENTA, and the ADIPOSE TISSUE of men and postmenopausal women.

Estrone, (+-)-Isomer [M0330349]

Estrone, (8 alpha)-Isomer [M0330350]

Estrone, (9 beta)-Isomer [M0330348]

Estrovarin [M0369353]

Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination [M0028741]
ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions. It has proved to be an effective contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL, COMBINED).

Etiocholanolone [M0007926]
The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.

Eugynon [M0351264]

Factrel [M0012447]

Festinex [M0475588]

Follicle Stimulating Hormone [M0008869]
A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone, beta Subunit [M0117624]
The beta subunit of follicle stimulating hormone. It is a 15-kDa glycopolypeptide. Full biological activity of FSH requires the non-covalently bound heterodimers of an alpha and a beta subunit. Mutation of the FSHB gene causes delayed puberty, or infertility.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Human [M0008870]
A major gonadotropin secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and the LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. The alpha subunit is common in the three human pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

Folliculin [M0369352]

Follistim [M0211974]

Galanin-Like Peptide [M0366125]
A neuropeptide that is highly homologous to GALANIN. It is produced by proteolytic processing of a larger protein that is unrelated to prepro-galanin and preferentially binds to GALANIN-2 RECEPTOR.

gamma-Lipotropin [M0012606]
A lipotropic peptide that is the N-terminal fragment of beta-lipotropin. It is a peptide of 56 amino acids in humans and 58 amino acids in pigs.

gamma-MSH [M0328126]
An 11-amino acid peptide derived from the N-terminal fragment of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). Gamma-MSH stimulates adrenal steroidogenesis and has an regulatory role in the cardiovascular and the renal systems.

gamma1-MSH [M0014151]
The 11-residue peptide that is fully amidated.

gamma2-MSH [M0014152]
The 11-residue peptide that is without amidation.

gamma3-MSH [M0014153]
The 11-residue peptide plus the 12-residue sequence leading to the next dibasic cleavage site at the N-terminal of the joining peptide.

Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide [M0009005]
A gastrointestinal peptide hormone of about 43-amino acids.

Gastrin [M0009014]

Gastrin-Releasing Peptide [M0029527]
Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.

Gastrins [M0009013]
A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.

Gastrointestinal Hormones [M0009034]
HORMONES secreted by the gastrointestinal mucosa that affect the timing or the quality of secretion of digestive enzymes, and regulate the motor activity of the digestive system organs.

Genotropin [M0028844]

Glicentin [M0160184]
A 69-amino acid peptide derived from the N-terminal of PROGLUCAGON. It is mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. Further processing of glicentin yield a 30-amino acid N-terminal peptide (glicentin-related polypeptide) and a 37-amino acid peptide OXYNTOMODULIN. Both glicentin and oxyntomodulin can reduce digestive secretions and delay gastric emptying.

Glucagon [M0009314]
A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511)

Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 [M0160181]
A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.

Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 [M0358087]
A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis.

Glucagon-Like Peptides [M0007481]
Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.

Glucocorticoids [M0009322]
A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS that affect carbohydrate metabolism (GLUCONEOGENESIS, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of BLOOD SUGAR), inhibit ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system.

Glycoprotein Hormones, alpha Subunit [M0023540]
The alpha chain of pituitary glycoprotein hormones (THYROTROPIN; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; LUTEINIZING HORMONE) and the placental CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Within a species, the alpha subunits of these four hormones are identical; the distinct functional characteristics of these glycoprotein hormones are determined by the unique beta subunits. Both subunits, the non-covalently bound heterodimers, are required for full biologic activity.

Gonadal Hormones [M0441053]
Hormones produced by the GONADS, including both steroid and peptide hormones. The major steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL and PROGESTERONE from the OVARY, and TESTOSTERONE from the TESTIS. The major peptide hormones include ACTIVINS and INHIBINS.

Gonadal Steroid Hormones [M0019744]
Steroid hormones produced by the GONADS. They stimulate reproductive organs, germ cell maturation, and the secondary sex characteristics in the males and the females. The major sex steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; and TESTOSTERONE.

Gonadorelin Acetate [M0331413]

Gonadorelin Hydrochloride [M0331412]

Gonadostatin [M0016914]

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone [M0012446]
A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

Gonadotropins [M0009540]
Hormones that stimulate gonadal functions such as GAMETOGENESIS and sex steroid hormone production in the OVARY and the TESTIS. Major gonadotropins are glycoproteins produced primarily by the adenohypophysis (GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY) and the placenta (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN). In some species, pituitary PROLACTIN and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN exert some luteotropic activities.

Gonadotropins, Equine [M0009547]
Gonadotropins secreted by the pituitary or the placenta in horses. This term generally refers to the gonadotropins found in the pregnant mare serum, a rich source of equine CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. Unlike that in humans, the equine LUTEINIZING HORMONE, BETA SUBUNIT is identical to the equine choronic gonadotropin, beta. Equine gonadotropins prepared from pregnant mare serum are used in reproductive studies.

Gonadotropins, Pituitary [M0009549]
Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR) that stimulate gonadal functions in both males and females. They include FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE that stimulates germ cell maturation (OOGENESIS; SPERMATOGENESIS), and LUTEINIZING HORMONE that stimulates the production of sex steroids (ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE; ANDROGENS).

Gonal F [M0253941]

Gravistat [M0351265]

Growth Hormone [M0020156]
A polypeptide that is secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, stimulates mitosis, cell differentiation and cell growth. Species-specific growth hormones have been synthesized.

Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone [M0020158]
A peptide of 44 amino acids in most species that stimulates the release and synthesis of GROWTH HORMONE. GHRF (or GRF) is synthesized by neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, GHRF stimulates GH release by the SOMATOTROPHS in the PITUITARY GLAND.

Histerone [M0476212]

HMG Lepori [M0473965]

HMG Massone [M0473966]

Hormones [M0010538]
Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.

Hormones, Ectopic [M0010539]
Hormones released from neoplasms or from other cells that are not the usual sources of hormones.

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, alpha Subunit [M0397845]

Human Growth Hormone [M0028842]
A 191-amino acid polypeptide hormone secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR), also known as GH or somatotropin. Synthetic growth hormone, termed somatropin, has replaced the natural form in therapeutic usage such as treatment of dwarfism in children with growth hormone deficiency.

Human Pancreatic Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor [M0482278]
Ectopic GHRH secreted by human pancreatic tumor.

Human Placental Lactogen [M0412452]

Humatrope [M0028843]

Humegon [M0013389]
FSH:LH = 1:1

Humulin [M0011414]

Humulin S [M0011415]

Hydrocortisone [M0010707]
The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.

Hydrocortisone, (11 alpha)-Isomer [M0330259]

Hydrocortisone, (9 beta,10 alpha,11 alpha)-Isomer [M0330258]

Hydroxycorticosteroids [M0010756]
A group of corticosteroids carrying hydroxy groups, usually in the 11- or 17-positions. They comprise the bulk of the corticosteroids used systemically. As they are relatively insoluble in water, salts of various esterified forms are often used for injections or solutions.

Hydroxyprogesterones [M0010776]
Metabolites or derivatives of PROGESTERONE with hydroxyl group substitution at various sites.

Hypertensin [M0372297]

Hypothalamic Hormones [M0010936]
Peptide hormones produced by NEURONS of various regions in the HYPOTHALAMUS. They are released into the pituitary portal circulation to stimulate or inhibit PITUITARY functions. VASOPRESSIN and OXYTOCIN, though produced in the hypothalamus, are not included here for they are transported down the AXONS to the POSTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY before being released into the portal circulation.

Inhibins [M0011340]
Glycoproteins that inhibit pituitary FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion. Inhibins are secreted by the Sertoli cells of the testes, the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles, the placenta, and other tissues. Inhibins and ACTIVINS are modulators of FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretions; both groups belong to the TGF-beta superfamily, as the TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. Inhibins consist of a disulfide-linked heterodimer with a unique alpha linked to either a beta A or a beta B subunit to form inhibin A or inhibin B, respectively

Inhibins, Female [M0011339]

Inhibins, Testicular [M0011343]

Insect Hormones [M0011384]
Hormones secreted by insects. They influence their growth and development. Also synthetic substances that act like insect hormones.

Insulin [M0011417]
A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

Insulin A Chain [M0011418]

Insulin, Isophane [M0011436]
A modified form of insulin that contains protamine and zinc. Isophane insulin is an intermediate-acting INSULIN with time of onset of 2 hours and duration of 24 hours.

Insulin, Protamine Zinc, Beef-Pork [M0423929]

Insulin, Regular, Beef-Pork [M0423851]

Insulin, Regular, Human [M0423852]

Insulin, Regular, Pork [M0423949]

Invertebrate Hormones [M0011621]
Hormones produced by invertebrates, usually insects, mollusks, annelids, and helminths.

Isophane Insulin, Beef [M0423934]

Isophane Insulin, Beef-Pork [M0423753]

Isophane Insulin, Human [M0423933]

Isophane Insulin, Pork [M0423932]

Juvenile Hormones [M0011889]
Compounds, either natural or synthetic, which block development of the growing insect.

Kestrone [M0477787]

Kinevac [M0373218]

Kryptocur [M0012450]

Leios [M0442665]

Leptin [M0328567]
A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores.

Leuprolide [M0025473]
A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.

Leuprolide Acetate [M0329431]

Leuprolide Monoacetate [M0329430]

Leuprolide, (DL-Leu)-Isomer [M0329429]

Leuprolide, (L-Leu)-Isomer [M0329428]

Lin-Megestrol [M0473933]

Lupron [M0369306]

Luteinizing Hormone [M0012444]
A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

Luteinizing Hormone, beta Subunit [M0115487]
The beta subunit of luteinizing hormone. It is a 15-kDa glycopolypeptide with structure similar to the beta subunit of the placental chorionic gonadatropin (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN) except for the additional 31 amino acids at the C-terminal of CG-beta. Full biological activity of LH requires the non-covalently bound heterodimers of an alpha and a beta subunit. Mutation of the LHB gene causes HYPOGONADISM and infertility.

Luteozyman [M0012445]

Lysine Vasopressin [M0012831]
The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing an LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.

Marvelon [M0026029]

Maxomat [M0475571]

Maygace [M0473934]

MC1288 [M0003149]

Medrogestone [M0013278]
6,17-Dimethylpregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of progesterone. It is used in the treatment of menstrual irregularities and has also been employed in the treatment of prostatic hypertrophy and endometrial carcinoma.

Medroxyprogesterone [M0013279]
(6 alpha)-17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator.

Megace [M0028722]

Megefren [M0473935]

Megestrol [M0013296]
17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregna-3,6-diene-3,20-dione. A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.

Megestrol Acetate [M0028721]
Megestrol acetate is a progestogen with actions and uses similar to those of the progestogens in general. It also has anti-androgenic properties. It is given by mouth in the palliative treatment or as an adjunct to other therapy in endometrial carcinoma and in breast cancer. Megestrol acetate has been approved to treat anorexia and cachexia. (From Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995)

Melanocortins [M0493657]
Peptides derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) which can stimulate MELANOCYTES or CORTICOTROPHS. Melanocortins include ACTH; ALPHA-MSH; and other peptides such as BETA-MSH and GAMMA-MSH, derived from other fragments of POMC. These peptides act through a variety of MELANOCORTIN RECEPTORS to control different functions including steroidogenesis, energy homeostasis, feeding, and skin pigmentation.

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones [M0014155]
Peptides with the ability to stimulate pigmented cells MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates. By stimulating the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in these pigmented cells, they increase coloration of skin and other tissue. MSHs, derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), are produced by MELANOTROPHS in the INTERMEDIATE LOBE OF PITUITARY; CORTICOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY, and the hypothalamic neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS.

Melatonin [M0013319]
A biogenic amine that is found in animals and plants. In mammals, melatonin is produced by the PINEAL GLAND. Its secretion increases in darkness and decreases during exposure to light. Melatonin is implicated in the regulation of SLEEP, mood, and REPRODUCTION. Melatonin is also an effective antioxidant.

Melengestrol [M0013322]

Melengestrol Acetate [M0013321]
A 6-methyl PROGESTERONE acetate with reported glucocorticoid activity and effect on ESTRUS.

Menogon [M0473964]

Menotropins [M0013384]
Extracts of urine from menopausal women that contain high concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE. Menotropins are used to treat infertility. The FSH:LH ratio and degree of purity vary in different preparations.

Mestrel [M0473936]

Metrodin [M0013385]

Microgynon [M0351266]

Micronephrine [M0007591]

Micronor [M0014970]

Mineralocorticoids [M0013899]
A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS primarily associated with the water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ION TRANSPORT in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by PLASMA VOLUME, serum potassium, and ANGIOTENSIN II.

Minisiston [M0351267]

Monogest [M0014973]

Motilin [M0014098]
A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect.

MSH Release-Inhibiting Hormone [M0014157]
A hypothalamic tripeptide, enzymatic degradation product of OXYTOCIN, that inhibits the release of MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES.

N-Terminal Peptide of POMC (NPP) [M0095649]

Natriuretic Hormones [M0447665]
Endogenous chemicals that regulate the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in the body, such as the NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES.

Natriuretic Peptides [M0447624]
Peptides that regulate the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in the body, also known as natriuretic peptide hormones. Several have been sequenced (ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; C-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE).

Neogest [M0014983]

Neuregulins [M0328213]
A family of peptides originally found as factors that stimulate the phosphorylation of the erbB-2 receptor (RECEPTORS, ERBB-2). Multiple variant forms of NEUREGULINS occur due to alternative splicing of their mRNAs. The NEUREGULINS include products from the three known genes (NGR1; NGR2 and NGR3).

Neurohormones [M0373098]
Substances secreted by neurons into the blood, cns, or intercellular space.

Neuronal Differentiation Factor, Cholinergic [M0137315]

Neurotensin [M0014773]
A biologically active tridecapeptide isolated from the hypothalamus. It has been shown to induce hypotension in the rat, to stimulate contraction of guinea pig ileum and rat uterus, and to cause relaxation of rat duodenum. There is also evidence that it acts as both a peripheral and a central nervous system neurotransmitter.

Nilevar [M0463954]

Nonsuppressible Insulin-Like Activity [M0014953]
A blood protein (NSILA) which mimics the biological activity of insulin in serum, but is not suppressed by insulin antibodies. During acid-ethanol extraction of Cohn fraction III, 10% of the activity is found in the supernatant (NSILA-S) and the remaining activity in the precipitate (NSILA-P). The latter is a large molecular compound, much less stable than the soluble fraction. NSILA-S is a more potent growth factor than insulin and exhibits sulfation activity.

Nor-QD [M0014974]

Norcolut [M0014975]

Norcolute [M0014976]

Nordette [M0351268]

Norditropin [M0028845]

Norethandrolone [M0014968]
A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity.

Norethindrone [M0014969]
A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for contraception.

Norethindrone, (1 beta)-Isomer [M0329986]

Norethynodrel [M0014977]
A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and endometriosis. As a contraceptive, it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.

Norethynodrel, (8 alpha)-(+-)-Isomer [M0329987]

Norgestrel [M0014981]
A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.

Norlutin [M0014971]

Normegon [M0333588]
FSH:LH = 3:1

NSILA-P [M0014954]

NSILA-S [M0014955]

Nu-Megestrol [M0473937]

Nutropin [M0028847]

Octreotide [M0023526]
A potent, long-acting synthetic SOMATOSTATIN octapeptide analog that inhibits secretion of GROWTH HORMONE and is used to treat hormone-secreting tumors; DIABETES MELLITUS; HYPOTENSION, ORTHOSTATIC; HYPERINSULINISM; hypergastrinemia; and small bowel fistula.

Octreotide Acetate [M0329524]

Oestrofeminal [M0492519]

Org 32489 [M0211977]

Org-2969 [M0351285]

ORG-31338 [M0013387]

Osteotriol [M0467156]

Ovestin [M0007790]

Ovidon [M0351279]

Ovocyclin [M0007776]

Ovral [M0351281]

Ovrette [M0014984]

Oxandrin [M0350976]

Oxandrolone [M0015635]
A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.

Oxymetholone [M0015682]
A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Oxymetholone, (17 beta)-Isomer [M0331237]

Oxymetholone, (5 alpha,17 alpha)-Isomer [M0331236]

Oxytocin [M0015703]
A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on smooth muscle cells, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.

Pancreatic Hormones [M0015800]
Peptide hormones secreted into the blood by cells in the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS of the pancreas. The alpha cells secrete glucagon; the beta cells secrete insulin; the delta cells secrete somatostatin; and the PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

Pancreatic Polypeptide [M0015804]
A 36-amino acid pancreatic hormone that is secreted mainly by endocrine cells found at the periphery of the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS and adjacent to cells containing SOMATOSTATIN and GLUCAGON. Pancreatic polypeptide (PP), when administered peripherally, can suppress gastric secretion, gastric emptying, pancreatic enzyme secretion, and appetite. A lack of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) has been associated with OBESITY in rats and mice.

Parathyroid Hormone [M0015931]
A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.

Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein [M0150746]
A ubiquitously expressed, secreted protein with bone resorption and renal calcium reabsorption activities that are similar to PARATHYROID HORMONE. It does not circulate in appreciable amounts in normal subjects, but rather exerts its biological actions locally. Overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein by tumor cells results in humoral calcemia of malignancy.

Pearl Oral Contraceptive [M0351282]

Pentagastrin [M0016168]
A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.

Peptavlon [M0373136]

Peptide YY [M0029538]
A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.

Pergonal [M0013390]

Pergonal-500 [M0013386]

Pitocin [M0373120]

Pitressin [M0022563]

Pituitary Hormone Release Inhibiting Hormones [M0016913]
Polypeptide hormones produced in the hypothalamus which inhibit the release of pituitary hormones. Used for PHRIH in general or for which there is no specific heading.

Pituitary Hormone-Releasing Hormones [M0016916]
Peptides, natural or synthetic, that stimulate the release of PITUITARY HORMONES. They were first isolated from the extracts of the HYPOTHALAMUS; MEDIAN EMINENCE; PITUITARY STALK; and NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. In addition, some hypophysiotropic hormones control pituitary cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and hormone synthesis. Some can act on more than one pituitary hormone.

Pituitary Hormones [M0016917]
Hormones secreted by the PITUITARY GLAND including those from the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), and the ill-defined intermediate lobe. Structurally, they include small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins. They are under the regulation of neural signals (NEUROTRANSMITTERS) or neuroendocrine signals (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) from the hypothalamus as well as feedback from their targets such as ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ANDROGENS; ESTROGENS.

Pituitary Hormones, Anterior [M0016918]
Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Structurally, they include polypeptide, protein, and glycoprotein molecules.

Pituitary Hormones, Posterior [M0016919]
Hormones released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). They include a number of peptides which are formed in the NEURONS in the HYPOTHALAMUS, bound to NEUROPHYSINS, and stored in the nerve terminals in the posterior pituitary. Upon stimulation, these peptides are released into the hypophysial portal vessel blood.

Placental Hormones [M0016941]
Hormones produced by the placenta include CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN as well as steroids (ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE), and neuropeptide hormones similar to those found in the hypothalamus (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES).

Placental Lactogen [M0016943]
A polypeptide hormone of approximately 25 kDa that is produced by the SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLASTS of the PLACENTA, also known as chorionic somatomammotropin. It has both GROWTH HORMONE and PROLACTIN activities on growth, lactation, and luteal steroid production. In women, placental lactogen secretion begins soon after implantation and increases to 1 g or more a day in late pregnancy. Placental lactogen is also an insulin antagonist.

Postacton [M0373044]

Postinor [M0014985]

Prasterone, 3 alpha-Isomer [M0330606]

Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropins [M0417712]

Pregnenolone [M0017516]
A 21-carbon steroid, derived from CHOLESTEROL and found in steroid hormone-producing tissues. Pregnenolone is the precursor to GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.

Pregnyl [M0009546]

Prelestrin [M0492518]

Premarin [M0007793]

Prepidil Gel [M0023406]

Presomen [M0007794]

Pro-Opiomelanocortin [M0017593]
A 30-kDa protein synthesized primarily in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND and the HYPOTHALAMUS. It is also found in the skin and other peripheral tissues. Depending on species and tissues, POMC is cleaved by PROHORMONE CONVERTASES yielding various active peptides including ACTH; BETA-LIPOTROPIN; ENDORPHINS; MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES; and others (GAMMA-LPH; CORTICOTROPIN-LIKE INTERMEDIATE LOBE PEPTIDE; N-terminal peptide of POMC or NPP).

Progens [M0492517]

Progestational Hormones, Synthetic [M0017670]

Progesterone [M0017672]
The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.

Progestins [M0017669]
Compounds that interact with PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of PROGESTERONE. Primary actions of progestins, including natural and synthetic steroids, are on the UTERUS and the MAMMARY GLAND in preparation for and in maintenance of PREGNANCY.

Prolactin [M0017689]
A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kD. Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate.

Prolactin Release-Inhibiting Factors [M0017690]
A number of peptides with inhibitory activities on PROLACTIN release have been isolated from the HYPOTHALAMUS, the peripheral nervous system, and the gut. These include SOMATOSTATIN, and peptides derived from POMC and precursor for VASOPRESSIN-ASSOCIATED NEUROPHYSIN. Biogenic amine DOPAMINE is also a potent PIF.

Promegestone [M0017703]
A synthetic progestin which is useful for the study of progestin distribution and progestin tissue receptors, as it is not bound by transcortin and binds to progesterone receptors with a higher association constant than progesterone.

Prostenon [M0023407]

Prothil [M0473878]

Protirelin Tartrate (1:1) [M0329663]

Puregon [M0211976]

R-5020 [M0351858]

Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (Mammalian) [M0397867]
Mammalian-cell derived recombinant human growth hormone.

Relaxin [M0018751]
A water-soluble polypeptide (molecular weight approximately 8,000) extractable from the corpus luteum of pregnancy. It produces relaxation of the pubic symphysis and dilation of the uterine cervix in certain animal species. Its role in the human pregnant female is uncertain. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Relaxin B [M0018752]

Renatriol [M0467146]

Resistin [M0378392]
A 12-kDa cysteine-rich polypeptide hormone secreted by FAT CELLS in the ADIPOSE TISSUE. It is the founding member of the resistin-like molecule (RELM) hormone family. Resistin suppresses the ability of INSULIN to stimulate cellular GLUCOSE uptake.

Rigevidon [M0351421]

Rocaltrol [M0003151]

Saizen [M0028846]

Sandostatine [M0023528]

SC-11585 [M0350977]

Secrepan [M0372648]

Secretin [M0019589]
A peptide hormone of about 27 amino acids from the duodenal mucosa that activates pancreatic secretion and lowers the blood sugar level. (USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names, 1994, p597)

Secretin Citrate, Pig [M0329705]

Secretin Maleate, Pig [M0329704]

Secretin Pentacetate, Pig [M0329702]

Secretin Sulfate, Pig [M0329703]

Secretin, Pig [M0329701]

Secretin-KABI [M0372647]

Sequostat [M0351424]

Sermorelin [M0026330]
The biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor, consisting of GHRH(1-29)-amide. This N-terminal sequence is identical in several mammalian species, such as human, pig, and cattle. It is used to diagnose or treat patients with GROWTH HORMONE deficiency.

Silkis [M0467145]

Sincalide [M0019891]
An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.

Sitriol [M0467144]

SMS 201-995 [M0333645]

Soltriol [M0003152]

Somatofalk [M0020153]

Somatomedins [M0020150]
Insulin-like polypeptides made by the liver and some fibroblasts and released into the blood when stimulated by SOMATOTROPIN. They cause sulfate incorporation into collagen, RNA, and DNA synthesis, which are prerequisites to cell division and growth of the organism.

Somatostatin [M0020152]
A 14-amino acid peptide named for its ability to inhibit pituitary GROWTH HORMONE release, also called somatotropin release-inhibiting factor. It is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, the gut, and other organs. SRIF can also inhibit the release of THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE; PROLACTIN; INSULIN; and GLUCAGON besides acting as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In a number of species including humans, there is an additional form of somatostatin, SRIF-28 with a 14-amino acid extension at the N-terminal.

Somatostatin-28 [M0087146]
A 28-amino acid peptide with the same biological activities of somatostatin-14 but with a 14-amino acid extension at the N-terminal. SRIF-28 is the major form of somatostatin in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.

SQ-19,844 [M0373217]

Stediril [M0351425]

Sterotate [M0476213]

Stilamin [M0020154]

Surgestone [M0475994]

Syntocinon [M0015704]

Tachykinins [M0023589]
A family of biologically active peptides sharing a common conserved C-terminal sequence, -Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2, where X is either an aromatic or a branched aliphatic amino acid. Members of this family have been found in mammals, amphibians, and mollusks. Tachykinins have diverse pharmacological actions in the central nervous system and the cardiovascular, genitourinary, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems, as well as in glandular tissues. This diversity of activity is due to the existence of three or more subtypes of tachykinin receptors.

TAP-144 [M0025474]

Teslac [M0351083]

Testicular Hormones [M0021190]
Hormones produced in the testis.

Testim [M0476218]

Testoderm [M0476219]

Testolactone [M0021194]
An antineoplastic agent that is a derivative of progesterone and used to treat advanced breast cancer.

Testolin [M0476220]

Testopel [M0476221]

Testosterone [M0021196]
A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.

Tetrahydrocortisol [M0021230]

Tetrahydrocortisone [M0021231]

Thymic Factor, Circulating [M0021445]
A thymus-dependent nonapeptide found in normal blood. Stimulates the formation of E rosettes and is believed to be involved in T-cell differentiation.

Thymopoietin I [M0021461]

Thymopoietin II [M0021462]

Thymopoietins [M0021463]
Two closely related polypeptides (molecular weight 7,000) isolated from the thymus gland. These hormones induce the differentiation of prothymocytes to thymocytes within the thymus. They also cause a delayed impairment of neuromuscular transmission in vivo and are therefore believed to be the agent responsible for myasthenia gravis.

Thymosin [M0021464]
Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.

Thymosin Fs [M0021465]

Thymus Hormones [M0021469]
Humoral factors secreted by the thymus gland. They participate in the development of the lymphoid system and the maturation of the cellular immune response.

Thyroid Hormones [M0021484]
Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs.

Thyrotropin [M0021496]
A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Thyrotropin stimulates THYROID GLAND by increasing the iodide transport, synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE). Thyrotropin consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH; LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

Thyrotropin, beta Subunit [M0114339]
The beta subunit of thyroid stimulating hormone, thyrotropin. It is a 112-amino acid glycopolypeptide of about 16 kD. Full biological activity of TSH requires the non-covalently bound heterodimers of an alpha and a beta subunit.

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone [M0021497]
A tripeptide that stimulates the release of THYROTROPIN and PROLACTIN. It is synthesized by the neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, TRH (was called TRF) stimulates the release of TSH and PRL from the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

Thyroxine [M0021504]
The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.

Tirocal [M0467143]

Transannon [M0492516]

Trigynon [M0351426]

Triiodothyronine [M0021977]
A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.

Triiodothyronine, Reverse [M0021978]
A metabolite of THYROXINE, formed by the peripheral enzymatic monodeiodination of T4 at the 5 position of the inner ring of the iodothyronine nucleus.

Trinordiol [M0351443]

Triphasil [M0351446]

Triptorelin [M0026318]
A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6.

Triquilar [M0351455]

Trisiston [M0351456]

Trisistone-R [M0351458]

Unigen [M0477788]

Urofollitropin [M0013388]
A protein extract of human menopausal urine in which LUTEINIZING HORMONE has been partially or completely removed. Urofollitropin represents FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE from the urine. In highly purified preparations, LH and other urinary proteins are removed.

Urotensins [M0022411]
Teleost hormones. A family of small peptides isolated from urophyses of bony fishes. They have many different physiological effects, including long-lasting hypotensive activity and have been proposed as antihypertensives. There are at least four different compounds: urotensin I, urotensin II, urotensin III, and urotensin IV.

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide [M0022549]
A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).

Vasopressin (USP) [M0494241]
A pharmaceutical preparation containing a mixture of arg-vasopressin and lys-vasopressin. It is prepared by synthesis or obtained from neurohypophyseal extract of domestic animals. Its vasopressor activity is not less than 300 USP vasopressin units per mg.

Vasopressins [M0022562]
Antidiuretic hormones released by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS of all vertebrates (structure varies with species) to regulate water balance and OSMOLARITY. In general, vasopressin is a nonapeptide consisting of a six-amino-acid ring with a cysteine 1 to cysteine 6 disulfide bridge or an octapeptide containing a CYSTINE. All mammals have arginine vasopressin except the pig with a lysine at position 8. Vasopressin, a vasoconstrictor, acts on the KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS to increase water reabsorption, increase blood volume and blood pressure.

Vasotocin [M0022564]
A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.

Vitamin D [M0022797]
A vitamin that includes both CHOLECALCIFEROLS and ERGOCALCIFEROLS, which have the common effect of preventing or curing RICKETS in animals. It can also be viewed as a hormone since it can be formed in SKIN by action of ULTRAVIOLET RAYS upon the precursors, 7-dehydrocholesterol and ERGOSTEROL, and acts on VITAMIN D RECEPTORS to regulate CALCIUM in opposition to PARATHYROID HORMONE.

Wehgen [M0477789]

Wy-3707 [M0373572]

Wy-42462 [M0373921]

Zearalenone [M0023120]
(S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.

Zomacton [M0475572]

Hormone

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